The Batch Insert statement is a common way to write data to databases. The PolarDB-X is compatible with the MySQL protocol and syntax. The batch insert syntax is listed below:
INSERT [IGNORE] [INTO] table_name(column_name, ...) VALUES (value1, ...), (value2, ...), ...;
The following factors can affect the performance of a batch insert query:
Factors such as the number of shards, the number of columns, the number of GSIs, and the number of sequences are domestic demand factors. They are set according to actual requirements and often affect the read performance. For example, if the number of GSIs is large, the write performance will decrease, but the read performance will be improved. This topic does not describe the impacts of the factors. This topic describes how to specify an appropriate batch size and DOP based on your business requirements.
The following table displays the settings used in the test:
Specification | Parameter |
PolarDB-X Version | polarx-kernel_5.4.11-16279028_xcluster-20210802 |
Node Specifications | 16 CPU cores, 64 GB memory |
Nodes | 4 |
You can use the following statement to create a table:
CREATE TABLE `sbtest1` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`k` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`c` char(120) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`pad` char(60) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `k_1` (`k`)
) ENGINE = InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET = utf8mb4;
PolarDB-X is optimized for batch data writing. Batch Insert is optimized to ensure better concurrency. When the size of a single Batch Insert statement exceeds 256K, PolarDB-X dynamically splits the Batch Insert statement into multiple small batches and executes them in series between multiple small batches. This feature is called SPLIT.
The best performance is ensured through the BATCH_INSERT_POLICY=SPLIT mechanism while reducing the cost of batch inserts PolarDB-X in parallel execution. The load imbalance of multiple nodes is avoided in distributed areas as much as possible.
Parameters:
You can add the following hint statement: /*+ TDDL:CMD_EXTRA(BATCH_INSERT_POLICY=NONE)*/
to disable the BATCH_INSERT_POLICY=SPLIT
mechanism. The goal of this parameter is to disable the BATCH_INSERT_POLICY
policy. It ensures the batch size is not automatically split when the PolarDB-X is executed. It can be used to verify the performance when the batch size is 2000, 5000, and 10000. The test results show the increase is not obvious after the batch size exceeds 1000.
In distributed scenarios, an order table is only placed on one host. Its performance can be used as a basic performance baseline to evaluate the horizontal scaling capability of the partition table. Data are evenly distributed to multiple hosts through a partition table.
The test method is to perform the Batch Insert operation on a single table in the PolarDB-X. The data of a single table only exists in one data storage node. PolarDB-X writes data to the corresponding data storage node based on the table definition.
Parameters: [parallelism: 16] [column: 4] [gsi: none] [sequence: none]
batch size | 1 | 10 | 100 | 500 | 1000 | 2000 | 5000 | 10000 | |
PolarDB-X [Single Table] | Performance (Rows per Second) | 5397 | 45653 | 153216 | 211976 | 210644 | 215103 | 221919 | 220529 |
Parameters: [batch size:1,000] [column: 4] [gsi: none] [sequence: none]
thread | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 32 | 64 | 128 | |
PolarDB-X [Single Table] | Performance (Rows per Second) | 22625 | 41326 | 76052 | 127646 | 210644 | 223431 | 190138 | 160858 |
We recommend specifying a batch size of 1,000 rows and setting the DOP to a value in the range of 16 to 32 to test the performance of a table.
Note: When the batch size is 2,000, 5,000, and 10,000, you need to add a hint parameter to disable the SPLIT feature. According to the test results, the increase is not obvious after the batch size exceeds 1000. Example: /*+ TDDL:CMD_EXTRA(BATCH_INSERT_POLICY=NONE)*/
The batch size and DOP affect the performance of batch insert queries. The tests described in this section test query performance based on batch size and DOP.
When a batch insert statement is executed on a sharded table, the sharding function used to shard the table shards the values specified in the statement. The batch size of the data that is pushed down to data nodes is different from the specified batch size. The following figure shows the process:
Therefore, under data shards, the Batch Insert statement of the PolarDB-X can be larger, or the data of the same physical table can be put into one Batch Insert statement as much as possible. This ensures that the batch size that is pushed down to a single data shard after the shard function separates values is appropriate to improve the performance of the storage node.
Parameters: [BATCH_INSERT_POLICY: on] [parallelism: 32] [number of parts: 32] [column: 4] [gsi: none] [sequence: none]
batch size | 1 | 10 | 100 | 500 | 1000 | 2000 | 5000 | 10000 | |
PolarDB-X [Number of Parts: 32] | Performance (Rows per Second) | 12804 | 80987 | 229995 | 401215 | 431579 | 410120 | 395398 | 389176 |
Note: If batch size >= 2000, the BATCH_INSERT_POLICY policy is triggered.
Parameters: [BATCH_INSERT_POLICY: disabled] – The other parameters are the same.
batch size | 1000 | 2000 | 5000 | 10000 | 20000 | 30000 | 50000 | |
PolarDB-X [Number of Parts: 32] | Performance (Rows per Second) | 431579 | 463112 | 490350 | 526751 | 549990 | 595026 | 685500 |
The appropriate criterion for determining the degree of parallelism is to fill up the CPU utilization of PolarDB-X data nodes or fill up the IOPS to achieve better performance. Since the Batch Insert statement has no calculation, the overhead of PolarDB-X compute nodes is small. The main overhead is in PolarDB-X data nodes. If the degree of parallelism is too small or too large, the performance will be affected. The factors that affect the value of parallelism include the number of nodes, node specifications (number of cores and CPU), and thread pool pressure. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain an exact number of parallelism. We recommend testing it in a practical environment to find out the best parallelism suitable for this environment.
Parameters: [batch size:1000] [column: 4] [gsi: none] [sequence: none]
thread | 1 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 32 | 64 | 80 | 96 | |
PolarDB-X [Number of Parts: 32] | Performance (Rows per Second) | 40967 | 80535 | 151415 | 246062 | 367720 | 431579 | 478876 | 499918 | 487173 |
In the test, the performance reaches the peak value when the value of DOP is in the range of 64 to 80. The highest performance is approximately 500,000 rows per second.
Parameters: [2 nodes: 2CN*2DN] [batch size: 20000] [column: 4] [gsi: none] [sequence: none]
thread | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | |
PolarDB-X [Number of Parts: 16] | Performance (Rows per Second) | 159794 | 302754 | 296298 | 241444 |
Parameters: [3 nodes: 3CN*3DN] [batch size: 20000] [column: 4] [gsi: none] [sequence: none]
thread | 9 | 12 | 15 | 18 | |
PolarDB-X [Number of Parts: 24] | Performance (Rows per Second) | 427212 | 456050 | 378420 | 309052 |
Parameters: [4 nodes: 4CN*4DN] [batch size:20000] [column: 4] [gsi: none] [sequence: none]
thread | 16 | 32 | 40 | 64 | |
PolarDB-X [Number of Parts: 32] | Performance (Rows per Second) | 464612 | 549990 | 551992 | 373268 |
When the number of database nodes increases, the value of DOP needs to be increased to ensure high performance. The peak value under two nodes is 8 concurrent 30w. The peak value under three nodes is 12 concurrent 45w. The peak value under four nodes is 32 concurrent 55w. The overall linear rate is about 0.9~1 with the performance improvement of the number of nodes.
Parameters: [batch size: 20000] [column: 4] [gsi: none] [sequence: none]
thread | 4 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 16 | |
PolarDB-X [4-core 16GB] | Performance (Rows per Second) | 165674 | 288828 | 276837 | 264873 | 204738 |
thread | 8 | 10 | 12 | 16 | |
PolarDB-X [8-core 32GB] | Performance (Rows per Second) | 292780 | 343498 | 315982 | 259892 |
thread | 16 | 32 | 40 | 64 | |
PolarDB- [16-core 64GB] | Performance (Rows per Second) | 464612 | 549990 | 551992 | 373268 |
If the node specifications are upgraded, the value of DOP needs to be increased to ensure high performance. If the statement is executed on a node whose specification is 4 cores and 16 GB of memory, the system reaches the highest performance when the DOP is set to 8. The highest performance is approximately 280,000 rows per second. If the statement is executed on a node whose specification is 8 cores and 32 GB of memory, the system reaches the highest performance when the DOP is set to 10. The highest performance is approximately 340,000 rows per second. If the statement is executed on a node whose specification is 16 cores and 64 GB of memory, the system reaches the highest performance when the DOP is set to 32. The highest performance is approximately 550,000 rows per second. The linear rate of the performance increase is approximately from 50% to 60% when the specification of the node is upgraded to the nearest specification.
BATCH_INSERT_POLICY=NONE
. If you use an SQL statement to query a large size of data, high workloads exist on each compute node in a distributed system, and issues may occur (such as high memory usage and unbalanced loads among multiple nodes).Alibaba Cloud Open-Source PolarDB Architecture and Enterprise-Level Features
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