阿里云SDK：V3版本请求体&签名机制

固定参数示例

POST
/
ImageId=win2019_1809_x64_dtc_zh-cn_40G_alibase_20230811.vhd&RegionId=cn-shanghai
host:ecs.cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com
x-acs-action:RunInstances
x-acs-content-sha256:e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855
x-acs-date:2023-10-26T10:22:32Z
x-acs-signature-nonce:3156853299f313e23d1673dc12e1703d
x-acs-version:2014-05-26

host;x-acs-action;x-acs-content-sha256;x-acs-date;x-acs-signature-nonce;x-acs-version
e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855

ACS3-HMAC-SHA256
7ea06492da5221eba5297e897ce16e55f964061054b7695beedaac1145b1e259

06563a9e1b43f5dfe96b81484da74bceab24a1d853912eee15083a6f0f3283c0

POST /?ImageId=win2019_1809_x64_dtc_zh-cn_40G_alibase_20230811.vhd&RegionId=cn-shanghai HTTP/1.1
Authorization: ACS3-HMAC-SHA256 Credential=YourAccessKeyId,SignedHeaders=host;x-acs-action;x-acs-content-sha256;x-acs-date;x-acs-signature-nonce;x-acs-version,Signature=06563a9e1b43f5dfe96b81484da74bceab24a1d853912eee15083a6f0f3283c0
x-acs-action: RunInstances
host: ecs.cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com
x-acs-date: 2023-10-26T09:01:01Z
x-acs-version: 2014-05-26
x-acs-content-sha256: e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855
x-acs-signature-nonce: d410180a5abf7fe235dd9b74aca91fc0
user-agent: AlibabaCloud (Mac OS X; x86_64) Java/1.8.0_352-b08 tea-util/0.2.6 TeaDSL/1
accept: application/json

Java示例

运行Java示例，需要您在pom.xml中添加以下Maven依赖。

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
    <artifactId>httpclient</artifactId>
    <version>4.5.13</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
     <groupId>com.google.code.gson</groupId>
     <artifactId>gson</artifactId>
     <version>2.9.0</version>
 </dependency>

import com.google.gson.Gson;
import com.google.gson.GsonBuilder;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.*;
import org.apache.http.client.utils.URIBuilder;
import org.apache.http.entity.ByteArrayEntity;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
import org.apache.http.entity.ContentType;

import javax.crypto.Mac;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
import javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.net.URISyntaxException;
import java.net.URLEncoder;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.*;

/**
 * signature demo
 */
public class SignatureDemo {

    /**
     * 日期格式化工具，用于将日期时间字符串格式化为"yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss'Z'"的格式。
     */
    private static final SimpleDateFormat SDF = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss'Z'");

    private static class SignatureRequest {
        // HTTP Method
        private final String httpMethod;
        // 请求路径，当资源路径为空时，使用正斜杠(/)作为CanonicalURI
        private final String canonicalUri;
        // endpoint
        private final String host;
        // API name
        private final String xAcsAction;
        // API version
        private final String xAcsVersion;
        // headers
        TreeMap<String, String> headers = new TreeMap<>();
        // body参数对应的字节数组，请求参数在元数据中显示"in":"body"或"in": "formData"，表示参数放在body中
        byte[] body;
        // query参数，请求参数在元数据中显示"in":"query"，表示参数拼接在请求URL上
        TreeMap<String, Object> queryParam = new TreeMap<>();

        public SignatureRequest(String httpMethod, String canonicalUri, String host, String xAcsAction, String xAcsVersion) {
            this.httpMethod = httpMethod;
            this.canonicalUri = canonicalUri;
            this.host = host;
            this.xAcsAction = xAcsAction;
            this.xAcsVersion = xAcsVersion;
            initHeader();
        }

        // init headers
        private void initHeader() {
            headers.put("host", host);
            headers.put("x-acs-action", xAcsAction);
            headers.put("x-acs-version", xAcsVersion);
            SDF.setTimeZone(new SimpleTimeZone(0, "GMT")); // 设置日期格式化时区为GMT
            headers.put("x-acs-date", SDF.format(new Date()));
            headers.put("x-acs-signature-nonce", UUID.randomUUID().toString());
        }
    }

    /**
     * System.getenv()表示通过环境变量获取Access Key ID和Access Key Secret。
     */
    private final static String ACCESS_KEY_ID = System.getenv("ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID");
    private final static String ACCESS_KEY_SECRET = System.getenv("ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_SECRET");

    /**
     * 签名协议
     */
    private static final String ALGORITHM = "ACS3-HMAC-SHA256";

    /**
     * 签名示例，您需要根据实际情况替换main方法中的示例参数。
     * ROA接口和RPC接口只有canonicalUri取值逻辑是完全不同，其余内容都是相似的。
     * <p>
     * 通过API元数据获取请求方法（methods）、请求参数名称（name）、请求参数类型（type）、请求参数位置（in），并将参数封装到SignatureRequest中。
     * 1. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in":"query"，通过queryParam传参。
     * 2. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "body"，通过body传参。
     * 3. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "formData"，通过body传参。
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        // RPC接口请求示例一：请求参数"in":"query"
        String httpMethod = "POST"; // 请求方式，从元数据中可以获取，建议使用POST。
        String canonicalUri = "/"; // RPC接口无资源路径，故使用正斜杠（/）作为CanonicalURI
        String host = "ecs.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com";  // 云产品服务接入点
        String xAcsAction = "DescribeInstanceStatus";  // API名称
        String xAcsVersion = "2014-05-26"; // API版本号
        SignatureRequest signatureRequest = new SignatureRequest(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);
        // DescribeInstanceStatus请求参数如下：
        // RegionId在元数据中显示的类型是String，"in":"query"，必填
        signatureRequest.queryParam.put("RegionId", "cn-hangzhou");
        // InstanceId的在元数据中显示的类型是array，"in":"query"，非必填
        String[] instanceIds = {"i-bp10igfmnyttXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX"};
        signatureRequest.queryParam.put("InstanceId", Arrays.asList(instanceIds));

        /*// RPC接口请求示例二：请求参数"in":"body"
        String httpMethod = "POST";
        String canonicalUri = "/";
        String host = "ocr-api.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com";
        String xAcsAction = "RecognizeGeneral";
        String xAcsVersion = "2021-07-07";
        SignatureRequest signatureRequest = new SignatureRequest(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);
        // 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "body"，通过body传参。
        signatureRequest.body = Files.readAllBytes(Paths.get("D:\\test.png"));
        signatureRequest.headers.put("content-type", "application/octet-stream");*/

        /*// RPC接口请求示例三：请求参数"in": "formData"
        String httpMethod = "POST";
        String canonicalUri = "/";
        String host = "mt.aliyuncs.com";
        String xAcsAction = "TranslateGeneral";
        String xAcsVersion = "2018-10-12";
        SignatureRequest signatureRequest = new SignatureRequest(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);
        // TranslateGeneral请求参数如下：
        // Context在元数据中显示的类型是String，"in":"query"，非必填
        signatureRequest.queryParam.put("Context", "早上");
        // FormatType、SourceLanguage、TargetLanguage等参数，在元数据中显示"in":"formData"
        Map<String, Object> body = new HashMap<>();
        body.put("FormatType", "text");
        body.put("SourceLanguage", "zh");
        body.put("TargetLanguage", "en");
        body.put("SourceText", "你好");
        body.put("Scene", "general");
        String formDataToString = formDataToString(body);
        signatureRequest.body = formDataToString.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
        signatureRequest.headers.put("content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");*/

        /*// ROA接口POST请求
        String httpMethod = "POST";
        String canonicalUri = "/clusters"; // 从元数据中获取："path": "/clusters"
        String host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"; // endpoint
        String xAcsAction= "CreateCluster"; // API名称
        String xAcsVersion=  "2015-12-15"; // API版本号
        SignatureRequest signatureRequest = new SignatureRequest(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);
        // 调用API所需要的参数，请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "body"，表示参数放在body中
        TreeMap<String, Object> body = new TreeMap<>();
        body.put("name", "测试");
        body.put("region_id", "cn-beijing");
        body.put("cluster_type", "ExternalKubernetes");
        body.put("vpcid", "vpc-2zeou1uod4ylaXXXXXXXX");
        body.put("container_cidr","10.0.0.0/8");
        body.put("service_cidr", "10.2.0.0/24");
        body.put("security_group_id", "sg-2ze1a0rlgeo7XXXXXXXX");
        body.put("vswitch_ids", Collections.singletonList(
                "vsw-2zei30dhfldu8XXXXXXXX"
        ));
        Gson gson = (new GsonBuilder()).disableHtmlEscaping().create();
        signatureRequest.body = gson.toJson(body).getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
        signatureRequest.headers.put("content-type", "application/json");*/

        /*// ROA接口GET请求
        String httpMethod = "GET";
        // canonicalUri如果存在path参数，需要对path参数encode，percentCode({path参数})
        String canonicalUri = "/clusters/" + percentCode("cdb14b4f85130407da748fd3fXXXXXXXX") + "/resources";
        String host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"; // endpoint
        String xAcsAction = "DescribeClusterResources"; // API名称
        String xAcsVersion = "2015-12-15"; // API版本号
        SignatureRequest signatureRequest = new SignatureRequest(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);
        signatureRequest.queryParam.put("with_addon_resources", true);*/

        /*// ROA接口DELETE请求
        String httpMethod = "DELETE";
        String canonicalUri = "/clusters/" + percentCode("cdb14b4f85130407da748fd3fXXXXXXXX");
        String host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com";
        String xAcsAction = "DeleteCluster";
        String xAcsVersion = "2015-12-15";
        SignatureRequest signatureRequest = new SignatureRequest(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);*/

        // 签名过程
        getAuthorization(signatureRequest);
        // 调用API
        callApi(signatureRequest);
    }

    private static void callApi(SignatureRequest signatureRequest) {
        try {
            // 通过HttpClient发送请求
            String url = "https://" + signatureRequest.host + signatureRequest.canonicalUri;
            URIBuilder uriBuilder = new URIBuilder(url);
            // 添加请求参数
            for (Map.Entry<String, Object> entry : signatureRequest.queryParam.entrySet()) {
                uriBuilder.addParameter(entry.getKey(), String.valueOf(entry.getValue()));
            }
            System.out.println(uriBuilder.build());
            HttpUriRequest httpRequest;
            switch (signatureRequest.httpMethod) {
                case "GET":
                    httpRequest = new HttpGet(uriBuilder.build());
                    break;
                case "POST":
                    HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(uriBuilder.build());
                    if (signatureRequest.body != null) {
                        httpPost.setEntity(new ByteArrayEntity(signatureRequest.body, ContentType.create(signatureRequest.headers.get("content-type"))));
                    }
                    httpRequest = httpPost;
                    break;
                case "DELETE":
                    httpRequest = new HttpDelete(uriBuilder.build());
                    break;
                default:
                    System.out.println("Unsupported HTTP method: " + signatureRequest.httpMethod);
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported HTTP method");
            }

            // 添加http请求头
            for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : signatureRequest.headers.entrySet()) {
                httpRequest.addHeader(entry.getKey(), String.valueOf(entry.getValue()));
            }
            // 发送请求
            try (CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault(); CloseableHttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpRequest)) {
                String result = EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity(), "UTF-8");
                System.out.println(result);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                // 异常处理
                System.out.println("Failed to send request");
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        } catch (URISyntaxException e) {
            // 异常处理
            System.out.println("Invalid URI syntax");
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    /**
     * 该方法用于根据传入的HTTP请求方法、规范化的URI、查询参数等，计算并生成授权信息。
     */
    private static void getAuthorization(SignatureRequest signatureRequest) {
        try {
            // 处理queryParam中参数值为List、Map类型的参数，将参数平铺
            TreeMap<String, Object> newQueryParam = new TreeMap<>();
            processObject(newQueryParam, "", signatureRequest.queryParam);
            signatureRequest.queryParam = newQueryParam;
            // 步骤 1：拼接规范请求串
            // 请求参数，当请求的查询字符串为空时，使用空字符串作为规范化查询字符串
            StringBuilder canonicalQueryString = new StringBuilder();
            signatureRequest.queryParam.entrySet().stream().map(entry -> percentCode(entry.getKey()) + "="
                    + percentCode(String.valueOf(entry.getValue()))).forEachOrdered(queryPart -> {
                // 如果canonicalQueryString已经不是空的，则在查询参数前添加"&"
                if (canonicalQueryString.length() > 0) {
                    canonicalQueryString.append("&");
                }
                canonicalQueryString.append(queryPart);
            });

            // 计算请求体的哈希值
            String requestPayload = ""; // 请求体，当请求正文为空时，比如GET请求，RequestPayload固定为空字符串
            String hashedRequestPayload = signatureRequest.body != null ? sha256Hex(signatureRequest.body) : sha256Hex(requestPayload.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
            signatureRequest.headers.put("x-acs-content-sha256", hashedRequestPayload);
            // 构造请求头，多个规范化消息头，按照消息头名称（小写）的字符代码顺序以升序排列后拼接在一起
            StringBuilder canonicalHeaders = new StringBuilder();
            // 已签名消息头列表，多个请求头名称（小写）按首字母升序排列并以英文分号（;）分隔
            StringBuilder signedHeadersSb = new StringBuilder();
            signatureRequest.headers.entrySet().stream().filter(entry -> entry.getKey().toLowerCase().startsWith("x-acs-") || "host".equalsIgnoreCase(entry.getKey()) || "content-type".equalsIgnoreCase(entry.getKey())).sorted(Map.Entry.comparingByKey()).forEach(entry -> {
                String lowerKey = entry.getKey().toLowerCase();
                String value = String.valueOf(entry.getValue()).trim();
                canonicalHeaders.append(lowerKey).append(":").append(value).append("\n");
                signedHeadersSb.append(lowerKey).append(";");
            });
            String signedHeaders = signedHeadersSb.substring(0, signedHeadersSb.length() - 1);
            String canonicalRequest = signatureRequest.httpMethod + "\n" + signatureRequest.canonicalUri + "\n" + canonicalQueryString + "\n" + canonicalHeaders + "\n" + signedHeaders + "\n" + hashedRequestPayload;
            System.out.println("canonicalRequest=========>\n" + canonicalRequest);

            // 步骤 2：拼接待签名字符串
            String hashedCanonicalRequest = sha256Hex(canonicalRequest.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)); // 计算规范化请求的哈希值
            String stringToSign = ALGORITHM + "\n" + hashedCanonicalRequest;
            System.out.println("stringToSign=========>\n" + stringToSign);

            // 步骤 3：计算签名
            String signature = DatatypeConverter.printHexBinary(hmac256(ACCESS_KEY_SECRET.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), stringToSign)).toLowerCase();
            System.out.println("signature=========>" + signature);

            // 步骤 4：拼接 Authorization
            String authorization = ALGORITHM + " " + "Credential=" + ACCESS_KEY_ID + ",SignedHeaders=" + signedHeaders + ",Signature=" + signature;
            System.out.println("authorization=========>" + authorization);
            signatureRequest.headers.put("Authorization", authorization);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            // 异常处理
            System.out.println("Failed to get authorization");
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    /**
     * 处理请求参数类型为formData的参数。
     *
     * @param formData formData类型参数
     * @return String
     */
    private static String formDataToString(Map<String, Object> formData) {
        Map<String, Object> tileMap = new HashMap<>();
        processObject(tileMap, "", formData);
        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
        boolean first = true;
        String symbol = "&";
        for (Map.Entry<String, Object> entry : tileMap.entrySet()) {
            String value = String.valueOf(entry.getValue());
            if (value != null && !value.isEmpty()) {
                if (first) {
                    first = false;
                } else {
                    result.append(symbol);
                }
                result.append(percentCode(entry.getKey()));
                result.append("=");
                result.append(percentCode(value));
            }
        }

        return result.toString();
    }

    /**
     * 递归处理对象，将复杂对象（如Map和List）展开为平面的键值对
     *
     * @param map   原始的键值对集合，将被递归地更新
     * @param key   当前处理的键，随着递归的深入，键会带有嵌套路径信息
     * @param value 对应于键的值，可以是嵌套的Map、List或其他类型
     */
    private static void processObject(Map<String, Object> map, String key, Object value) {
        // 如果值为空，则无需进一步处理
        if (value == null) {
            return;
        }
        if (key == null) {
            key = "";
        }
        // 当值为List类型时，遍历List中的每个元素，并递归处理
        if (value instanceof List<?>) {
            List<?> list = (List<?>) value;
            for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); ++i) {
                processObject(map, key + "." + (i + 1), list.get(i));
            }
        } else if (value instanceof Map<?, ?>) {
            // 当值为Map类型时，遍历Map中的每个键值对，并递归处理
            Map<?, ?> subMap = (Map<?, ?>) value;
            for (Map.Entry<?, ?> entry : subMap.entrySet()) {
                processObject(map, key + "." + entry.getKey().toString(), entry.getValue());
            }
        } else {
            // 对于以"."开头的键，移除开头的"."以保持键的连续性
            if (key.startsWith(".")) {
                key = key.substring(1);
            }
            // 对于byte[]类型的值，将其转换为UTF-8编码的字符串
            if (value instanceof byte[]) {
                map.put(key, new String((byte[]) value, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
            } else {
                // 对于其他类型的值，直接转换为字符串
                map.put(key, String.valueOf(value));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * 使用HmacSHA256算法生成消息认证码（MAC）。
     *
     * @param secretKey 密钥，用于生成MAC的密钥，必须保密。
     * @param str       需要进行MAC认证的消息。
     * @return 返回使用HmacSHA256算法计算出的消息认证码。
     * @throws Exception 如果初始化MAC或计算MAC过程中遇到错误，则抛出异常。
     */
    public static byte[] hmac256(byte[] secretKey, String str) throws Exception {
        // 实例化HmacSHA256消息认证码生成器
        Mac mac = Mac.getInstance("HmacSHA256");
        // 创建密钥规范，用于初始化MAC生成器
        SecretKeySpec secretKeySpec = new SecretKeySpec(secretKey, mac.getAlgorithm());
        // 初始化MAC生成器
        mac.init(secretKeySpec);
        // 计算消息认证码并返回
        return mac.doFinal(str.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
    }

    /**
     * 使用SHA-256算法计算字符串的哈希值并以十六进制字符串形式返回。
     *
     * @param input 需要进行SHA-256哈希计算的字节数组。
     * @return 计算结果为小写十六进制字符串。
     * @throws Exception 如果在获取SHA-256消息摘要实例时发生错误。
     */
    public static String sha256Hex(byte[] input) throws Exception {
        // 获取SHA-256消息摘要实例
        MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256");
        // 计算字符串s的SHA-256哈希值
        byte[] d = md.digest(input);
        // 将哈希值转换为小写十六进制字符串并返回
        return DatatypeConverter.printHexBinary(d).toLowerCase();
    }

    /**
     * 对指定的字符串进行URL编码。
     * 使用UTF-8编码字符集对字符串进行编码，并对特定的字符进行替换，以符合URL编码规范。
     *
     * @param str 需要进行URL编码的字符串。
     * @return 编码后的字符串。其中，加号"+"被替换为"%20"，星号"*"被替换为"%2A"，波浪号"%7E"被替换为"~"。
     */
    public static String percentCode(String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("输入字符串不可为null");
        }
        try {
            return URLEncoder.encode(str, "UTF-8").replace("+", "%20").replace("*", "%2A").replace("%7E", "~");
        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("UTF-8编码不被支持", e);
        }
    }
}

Python示例

需要您手动安装pytz和requests，请根据您所使用的Python版本在终端（Terminal）执行以下命令。

Python3

pip3 install pytz
pip3 install requests

import hashlib
import hmac
import json
import os
import uuid
from collections import OrderedDict
from urllib.parse import urlencode, quote_plus

import pytz
import requests
from datetime import datetime


class SignatureRequest:
    def __init__(self, http_method, canonical_uri, host, x_acs_action, x_acs_version):
        self.http_method = http_method
        self.canonical_uri = canonical_uri
        self.host = host
        self.x_acs_action = x_acs_action
        self.x_acs_version = x_acs_version
        self.headers = self._init_headers()
        self.query_param = OrderedDict()
        self.body = None

    def _init_headers(self):
        headers = OrderedDict()
        headers['host'] = self.host
        headers['x-acs-action'] = self.x_acs_action
        headers['x-acs-version'] = self.x_acs_version
        current_time = datetime.now(pytz.timezone('Etc/GMT'))
        headers['x-acs-date'] = current_time.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ')
        headers['x-acs-signature-nonce'] = str(uuid.uuid4())
        return headers

    def sorted_query_params(self):
        # 对查询参数按名称排序并返回编码后的字符串
        sorted_query_params = sorted(self.query_param.items(), key=lambda item: item[0])
        self.query_param = {k: v for k, v in sorted_query_params}

    def sorted_headers(self):
        # 对请求头按名称排序并返回编码后的字符串
        sorted_headers = sorted(self.headers.items(), key=lambda item: item[0])
        self.headers = {k: v for k, v in sorted_headers}


def get_authorization(request):
    try:
        new_query_param = OrderedDict()
        process_object(new_query_param, '', request.query_param)
        request.query_param = new_query_param
        # 步骤 1：拼接规范请求串
        canonical_query_string = '&'.join(
            f'{percent_code(quote_plus(k))}={percent_code(quote_plus(str(v)))}' for k, v in
            request.query_param.items())
        hashed_request_payload = sha256_hex(request.body or ''.encode('utf-8'))
        request.headers['x-acs-content-sha256'] = hashed_request_payload
        request.sorted_headers()

        # 构建规范化请求头和已签名消息头列表
        filtered_headers = OrderedDict()
        for k, v in request.headers.items():
            if k.lower().startswith('x-acs-') or k.lower() in ['host', 'content-type']:
                filtered_headers[k.lower()] = v

        canonical_headers = '\n'.join(f'{k}:{v}' for k, v in filtered_headers.items()) + '\n'
        signed_headers = ';'.join(k for k in filtered_headers.keys())

        canonical_request = (
            f'{request.http_method}\n{request.canonical_uri}\n{canonical_query_string}\n'
            f'{canonical_headers}\n{signed_headers}\n{hashed_request_payload}')
        print(canonical_request)

        # 步骤 2：拼接待签名字符串
        hashed_canonical_request = sha256_hex(canonical_request.encode('utf-8'))
        string_to_sign = f'{ALGORITHM}\n{hashed_canonical_request}'
        print(string_to_sign)

        # 步骤 3：计算签名
        signature = hmac256(ACCESS_KEY_SECRET.encode('utf-8'), string_to_sign).hex().lower()
        print(signature)

        # 步骤 4：拼接Authorization
        authorization = f'{ALGORITHM} Credential={ACCESS_KEY_ID},SignedHeaders={signed_headers},Signature={signature}'
        print(authorization)
        request.headers['Authorization'] = authorization
    except Exception as e:
        print("Failed to get authorization")
        print(e)


def form_data_to_string(form_data):
    tile_map = OrderedDict()
    process_object(tile_map, '', form_data)
    return urlencode(tile_map)


def process_object(result_map, key, value):
    # 如果值为空，则无需进一步处理
    if value is None:
        return

    if key is None:
        key = ""

    # 当值为列表类型时，遍历列表中的每个元素，并递归处理
    if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
        for i, item in enumerate(value):
            process_object(result_map, f"{key}.{i + 1}", item)
    elif isinstance(value, dict):
        # 当值为字典类型时，遍历字典中的每个键值对，并递归处理
        for sub_key, sub_value in value.items():
            process_object(result_map, f"{key}.{sub_key}", sub_value)
    else:
        # 对于以"."开头的键，移除开头的"."以保持键的连续性
        if key.startswith("."):
            key = key[1:]

        # 对于字节类型的值，将其转换为UTF-8编码的字符串
        if isinstance(value, bytes):
            result_map[key] = value.decode('utf-8')
        else:
            # 对于其他类型的值，直接转换为字符串
            result_map[key] = str(value)


def hmac256(key, msg):
    return hmac.new(key, msg.encode('utf-8'), hashlib.sha256).digest()


def sha256_hex(s):
    return hashlib.sha256(s).hexdigest()


def call_api(request):
    url = f'https://{request.host}{request.canonical_uri}'
    if request.query_param:
        url += '?' + urlencode(request.query_param, doseq=True, safe='*')
    print(url)
    headers = {k: v for k, v in request.headers.items()}
    if request.body:
        data = request.body
    else:
        data = None

    try:
        response = requests.request(method=request.http_method, url=url, headers=headers, data=data)
        response.raise_for_status()
        print(response.text)
    except requests.RequestException as e:
        print("Failed to send request")
        print(e)


def percent_code(encoded_str):
    return encoded_str.replace('+', '%20').replace('*', '%2A').replace('%7E', '~')


# 环境变量中获取Access Key ID和Access Key Secret
ACCESS_KEY_ID = os.environ.get('ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID')
ACCESS_KEY_SECRET = os.environ.get('ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_SECRET')

ALGORITHM = 'ACS3-HMAC-SHA256'

"""
签名示例，您需要根据实际情况替换main方法中的示例参数。
ROA接口和RPC接口只有canonicalUri取值逻辑是完全不同，其余内容都是相似的。

通过API元数据获取请求方法（methods）、请求参数名称（name）、请求参数类型（type）、请求参数位置（in），并将参数封装到SignatureRequest中。
1. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in":"query"，通过queryParam传参。
2. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "body"，通过body传参。
3. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "formData"，通过body传参。
"""
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # RPC接口请求示例一：请求参数"in":"query"
    http_method = "POST"  # 请求方式，从元数据中可以获取，建议使用POST。
    canonical_uri = "/"  # RPC接口无资源路径，故使用正斜杠（/）作为CanonicalURI
    host = "ecs.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com"  # 云产品服务接入点
    x_acs_action = "DescribeInstanceStatus"  # API名称
    x_acs_version = "2014-05-26"  # API版本号
    signature_request = SignatureRequest(http_method, canonical_uri, host, x_acs_action, x_acs_version)
    # DescribeInstanceStatus请求参数如下：
    # RegionId在元数据中显示的类型是String，"in":"query"，必填
    signature_request.query_param['RegionId'] = 'cn-hangzhou'
    # InstanceId的在元数据中显示的类型是array，"in":"query"，非必填
    signature_request.query_param['InstanceId'] = ["i-bp10igfmnyttXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX"]

    # # RPC接口请求示例二：请求参数"in":"body"
    # http_method = "POST"
    # canonical_uri = "/"
    # host = "ocr-api.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com"
    # x_acs_action = "RecognizeGeneral"
    # x_acs_version = "2021-07-07"
    # signature_request = SignatureRequest(http_method, canonical_uri, host, x_acs_action, x_acs_version)
    # # 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "body"，通过body传参。
    # file_path = "D:\\test.png"
    # with open(file_path, 'rb') as file:
    #     # 读取图片内容为字节数组
    #     signature_request.body = file.read()
    #     signature_request.headers["content-type"] = "application/octet-stream"

    # # RPC接口请求示例三：请求参数"in": "formData"
    # http_method = "POST"
    # canonical_uri = "/"
    # host = "mt.aliyuncs.com"
    # x_acs_action = "TranslateGeneral"
    # x_acs_version = "2018-10-12"
    # signature_request = SignatureRequest(http_method, canonical_uri, host, x_acs_action, x_acs_version)
    # # TranslateGeneral请求参数如下：
    # # Context在元数据中显示的类型是String，"in":"query"，非必填
    # signature_request.query_param['Context'] = '早上'
    # # FormatType、SourceLanguage、TargetLanguage等参数，在元数据中显示"in":"formData"
    # form_data = OrderedDict()
    # form_data["FormatType"] = "text"
    # form_data["SourceLanguage"] = "zh"
    # form_data["TargetLanguage"] = "en"
    # form_data["SourceText"] = "你好"
    # form_data["Scene"] = "general"
    # signature_request.body = bytes(form_data_to_string(form_data), 'utf-8')
    # signature_request.headers["content-type"] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"

    # # ROA接口POST请求
    # http_method = "POST"
    # canonical_uri = "/clusters"
    # host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"
    # x_acs_action = "CreateCluster"
    # x_acs_version = "2015-12-15"
    # signature_request = SignatureRequest(http_method, canonical_uri, host, x_acs_action, x_acs_version)
    # 请求参数在元数据中显示"in":"body"，通过body传参。
    # body = OrderedDict()
    # body["name"] = "testDemo"
    # body["region_id"] = "cn-beijing"
    # body["cluster_type"] = "ExternalKubernetes"
    # body["vpcid"] = "vpc-2zeou1uod4ylaXXXXXXXX"
    # body["container_cidr"] = "172.16.1.0/20"
    # body["service_cidr"] = "10.2.0.0/24"
    # body["security_group_id"] = "sg-2ze1a0rlgeo7XXXXXXXX"
    # body["vswitch_ids"] = ["vsw-2zei30dhfldu8XXXXXXXX"]
    # signature_request.body = bytes(json.dumps(body, separators=(',', ':')), 'utf-8')
    # signature_request.headers["content-type"] = "application/json; charset=utf-8"

    # # ROA接口GET请求
    # http_method = "GET"
    # # canonicalUri如果存在path参数，需要对path参数encode，percent_code({path参数})
    # cluster_id_encode = percent_code("ca72cfced86db497cab79aa28XXXXXXXX")
    # canonical_uri = f"/clusters/{cluster_id_encode}/resources"
    # host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"
    # x_acs_action = "DescribeClusterResources"
    # x_acs_version = "2015-12-15"
    # signature_request = SignatureRequest(http_method, canonical_uri, host, x_acs_action, x_acs_version)
    # signature_request.query_param['with_addon_resources'] = True

    # # ROA接口GET请求
    # http_method = "DELETE"
    # # canonicalUri如果存在path参数，需要对path参数encode，percent_code({path参数})
    # cluster_id_encode = percent_code("ca72cfced86db497cab79aa28XXXXXXXX")
    # canonical_uri = f"/clusters/{cluster_id_encode}"
    # host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"
    # x_acs_action = "DeleteCluster"
    # x_acs_version = "2015-12-15"
    # signature_request = SignatureRequest(http_method, canonical_uri, host, x_acs_action, x_acs_version)

    signature_request.sorted_query_params()
    get_authorization(signature_request)
    call_api(signature_request)

Go示例

需要您在终端（Terminal）执行以下命令：

go get github.com/google/uuid
go get golang.org/x/exp/maps

package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"crypto/hmac"
	"crypto/sha256"
	"encoding/hex"
	"io"
	"os"
	"sort"

	"golang.org/x/exp/maps"

	"fmt"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"github.com/google/uuid"
)

type Request struct {
	httpMethod   string
	canonicalUri string
	host         string
	xAcsAction   string
	xAcsVersion  string
	headers      map[string]string
	body         []byte
	queryParam   map[string]interface{}
}

func NewRequest(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion string) *Request {
	req := &Request{
		httpMethod:   httpMethod,
		canonicalUri: canonicalUri,
		host:         host,
		xAcsAction:   xAcsAction,
		xAcsVersion:  xAcsVersion,
		headers:      make(map[string]string),
		queryParam:   make(map[string]interface{}),
	}
	req.headers["host"] = host
	req.headers["x-acs-action"] = xAcsAction
	req.headers["x-acs-version"] = xAcsVersion
	req.headers["x-acs-date"] = time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)
	req.headers["x-acs-signature-nonce"] = uuid.New().String()
	return req
}

// os.Getenv()表示从环境变量中获取AccessKey ID和AccessKey Secret。
var (
	AccessKeyId     = os.Getenv("ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID")
	AccessKeySecret = os.Getenv("ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_SECRET")
	ALGORITHM       = "ACS3-HMAC-SHA256"
)

// 签名示例，您需要根据实际情况替换main方法中的示例参数。
// ROA接口和RPC接口只有canonicalUri取值逻辑是完全不同，其余内容都是相似的。
// 通过API元数据获取请求方法（methods）、请求参数名称（name）、请求参数类型（type）、请求参数位置（in），并将参数封装到SignatureRequest中。
// 1. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in":"query"，通过queryParam传参。
// 2. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "body"，通过body传参。
// 3. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "formData"，通过body传参。
func main() {
	// RPC接口请求示例一：请求参数"in":"query"
	httpMethod := "POST"                   // 请求方式，大部分RPC接口同时支持POST和GET，此处以POST为例
	canonicalUri := "/"                    // RPC接口无资源路径，故使用正斜杠（/）作为CanonicalURI
	host := "ecs.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com" // 云产品服务接入点
	xAcsAction := "DescribeInstanceStatus" // API名称
	xAcsVersion := "2014-05-26"            // API版本号
	req := NewRequest(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion)
	// DescribeInstanceStatus请求参数如下：
	// RegionId在元数据中显示的类型是String，"in":"query"，必填
	req.queryParam["RegionId"] = "cn-hangzhou"
	// InstanceId的在元数据中显示的类型是array，"in":"query"，非必填
	instanceIds := []interface{}{"i-bp10igfmnyttXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX"}
	req.queryParam["InstanceId"] = instanceIds

	// // RPC接口请求示例二：请求参数"in":"body"
	// httpMethod := "POST"
	// canonicalUri := "/"
	// host := "ocr-api.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com"
	// xAcsAction := "RecognizeGeneral"
	// xAcsVersion := "2021-07-07"
	// req := NewRequest(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion)
	// // 读取文件内容
	// filePath := "D:\\test.png"
	// bytes, err := os.ReadFile(filePath)
	// if err != nil {
	// 	fmt.Println("Error reading file:", err)
	// 	return
	// }
	// req.body = bytes
	// req.headers["content-type"] = "application/octet-stream"

	// // RPC接口请求示例三：请求参数"in": "formData"
	// httpMethod := "POST"
	// canonicalUri := "/"
	// host := "mt.aliyuncs.com"
	// xAcsAction := "TranslateGeneral"
	// xAcsVersion := "2018-10-12"
	// req := NewRequest(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion)
	// // TranslateGeneral请求参数如下：
	// // Context在元数据中显示的类型是String，"in":"query"，非必填
	// req.queryParam["Context"] = "早上"
	// // FormatType、SourceLanguage、TargetLanguage等参数，在元数据中显示"in":"formData"
	// body := make(map[string]interface{})
	// body["FormatType"] = "text"
	// body["SourceLanguage"] = "zh"
	// body["TargetLanguage"] = "en"
	// body["SourceText"] = "你好"
	// body["Scene"] = "general"
	// str := formDataToString(body)
	// req.body = []byte(*str)
	// req.headers["content-type"] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"

	// // ROA接口POST请求
	// httpMethod := "POST"
	// canonicalUri := "/clusters"
	// host := "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"
	// xAcsAction := "CreateCluster"
	// xAcsVersion := "2015-12-15"
	// req := NewRequest(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion)
	// // 封装请求参数，请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "body"，表示参数放在body中
	// body := make(map[string]interface{})
	// body["name"] = "testDemo"
	// body["region_id"] = "cn-beijing"
	// body["cluster_type"] = "ExternalKubernetes"
	// body["vpcid"] = "vpc-2zeou1uod4ylaXXXXXXXX"
	// body["container_cidr"] = "10.0.0.0/8"
	// body["service_cidr"] = "172.16.1.0/20"
	// body["security_group_id"] = "sg-2ze1a0rlgeo7XXXXXXXX"
	// vswitch_ids := []interface{}{"vsw-2zei30dhfldu8XXXXXXXX"}
	// body["vswitch_ids"] = vswitch_ids
	// jsonBytes, err := json.Marshal(body)
	// if err != nil {
	// 	fmt.Println("Error marshaling to JSON:", err)
	// 	return
	// }
	// req.body = []byte(jsonBytes)
	// req.headers["content-type"] = "application/json; charset=utf-8"

	// // ROA接口GET请求
	// httpMethod := "GET"
	// // canonicalUri如果存在path参数，需要对path参数encode，percentCode({path参数})
	// canonicalUri := "/clusters/" + percentCode("c558c166928f9446dae400d106e124f66") + "/resources"
	// host := "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"
	// xAcsAction := "DescribeClusterResources"
	// xAcsVersion := "2015-12-15"
	// req := NewRequest(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion)
	// req.queryParam["with_addon_resources"] = "true"

	// // ROA接口DELETE请求
	// httpMethod := "DELETE"
	// // canonicalUri如果存在path参数，需要对path参数encode，percentCode({path参数})
	// canonicalUri := "/clusters/" + percentCode("c558c166928f9446dae400d106e124f66")
	// host := "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"
	// xAcsAction := "DeleteCluster"
	// xAcsVersion := "2015-12-15"
	// req := NewRequest(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion)

	// 签名过程
	getAuthorization(req)
	// 调用API
	error := callAPI(req)
	if error != nil {
		println(error.Error())
	}
}

func callAPI(req *Request) error {
	urlStr := "https://" + req.host + req.canonicalUri
	q := url.Values{}
	keys := maps.Keys(req.queryParam)
	sort.Strings(keys)
	for _, k := range keys {
		v := req.queryParam[k]
		q.Set(k, fmt.Sprintf("%v", v))
	}
	urlStr += "?" + q.Encode()
	fmt.Println(urlStr)

	httpReq, err := http.NewRequest(req.httpMethod, urlStr, strings.NewReader(string(req.body)))
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	for key, value := range req.headers {
		httpReq.Header.Set(key, value)
	}

	client := &http.Client{}
	resp, err := client.Do(httpReq)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer func(Body io.ReadCloser) {
		err := Body.Close()
		if err != nil {
			return
		}
	}(resp.Body)
	var respBuffer bytes.Buffer
	_, err = io.Copy(&respBuffer, resp.Body)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	respBytes := respBuffer.Bytes()
	fmt.Println(string(respBytes))
	return nil
}

func getAuthorization(req *Request) {
	// 处理queryParam中参数值为List、Map类型的参数，将参数平铺
	newQueryParams := make(map[string]interface{})
	processObject(newQueryParams, "", req.queryParam)
	req.queryParam = newQueryParams
	// 步骤 1：拼接规范请求串
	canonicalQueryString := ""
	keys := maps.Keys(req.queryParam)
	sort.Strings(keys)
	for _, k := range keys {
		v := req.queryParam[k]
		canonicalQueryString += percentCode(url.QueryEscape(k)) + "=" + percentCode(url.QueryEscape(fmt.Sprintf("%v", v))) + "&"
	}
	canonicalQueryString = strings.TrimSuffix(canonicalQueryString, "&")
	fmt.Printf("canonicalQueryString========>%s\n", canonicalQueryString)

	var bodyContent []byte
	if req.body == nil {
		bodyContent = []byte("")
	} else {
		bodyContent = req.body
	}
	hashedRequestPayload := sha256Hex(bodyContent)
	req.headers["x-acs-content-sha256"] = hashedRequestPayload

	canonicalHeaders := ""
	signedHeaders := ""
	HeadersKeys := maps.Keys(req.headers)
	sort.Strings(HeadersKeys)
	for _, k := range HeadersKeys {
		lowerKey := strings.ToLower(k)
		if lowerKey == "host" || strings.HasPrefix(lowerKey, "x-acs-") || lowerKey == "content-type" {
			canonicalHeaders += lowerKey + ":" + req.headers[k] + "\n"
			signedHeaders += lowerKey + ";"
		}
	}
	signedHeaders = strings.TrimSuffix(signedHeaders, ";")

	canonicalRequest := req.httpMethod + "\n" + req.canonicalUri + "\n" + canonicalQueryString + "\n" + canonicalHeaders + "\n" + signedHeaders + "\n" + hashedRequestPayload
	fmt.Printf("canonicalRequest========>\n%s\n", canonicalRequest)

	// 步骤 2：拼接待签名字符串
	hashedCanonicalRequest := sha256Hex([]byte(canonicalRequest))
	stringToSign := ALGORITHM + "\n" + hashedCanonicalRequest
	fmt.Printf("stringToSign========>\n%s\n", stringToSign)

	// 步骤 3：计算签名
	byteData, err := hmac256([]byte(AccessKeySecret), stringToSign)
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
	}
	signature := strings.ToLower(hex.EncodeToString(byteData))

	// 步骤 4：拼接Authorization
	authorization := ALGORITHM + " Credential=" + AccessKeyId + ",SignedHeaders=" + signedHeaders + ",Signature=" + signature
	fmt.Printf("authorization========>%s\n", authorization)
	req.headers["Authorization"] = authorization
}

func hmac256(key []byte, toSignString string) ([]byte, error) {
	// 实例化HMAC-SHA256哈希
	h := hmac.New(sha256.New, key)
	// 写入待签名的字符串
	_, err := h.Write([]byte(toSignString))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	// 计算签名并返回
	return h.Sum(nil), nil
}

func sha256Hex(byteArray []byte) string {
	// 实例化SHA-256哈希函数
	hash := sha256.New()
	// 将字符串写入哈希函数
	_, _ = hash.Write(byteArray)
	// 计算SHA-256哈希值并转换为小写的十六进制字符串
	hexString := hex.EncodeToString(hash.Sum(nil))

	return hexString
}

func percentCode(str string) string {
	// 替换特定的编码字符
	str = strings.ReplaceAll(str, "+", "%20")
	str = strings.ReplaceAll(str, "*", "%2A")
	str = strings.ReplaceAll(str, "%7E", "~")
	return str
}

func formDataToString(formData map[string]interface{}) *string {
	tmp := make(map[string]interface{})
	processObject(tmp, "", formData)
	res := ""
	urlEncoder := url.Values{}
	for key, value := range tmp {
		v := fmt.Sprintf("%v", value)
		urlEncoder.Add(key, v)
	}
	res = urlEncoder.Encode()
	return &res
}

// processObject 递归处理对象，将复杂对象（如Map和List）展开为平面的键值对
func processObject(mapResult map[string]interface{}, key string, value interface{}) {
	if value == nil {
		return
	}

	switch v := value.(type) {
	case []interface{}:
		for i, item := range v {
			processObject(mapResult, fmt.Sprintf("%s.%d", key, i+1), item)
		}
	case map[string]interface{}:
		for subKey, subValue := range v {
			processObject(mapResult, fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", key, subKey), subValue)
		}
	default:
		if strings.HasPrefix(key, ".") {
			key = key[1:]
		}
		if b, ok := v.([]byte); ok {
			mapResult[key] = string(b)
		} else {
			mapResult[key] = fmt.Sprintf("%v", v)
		}
	}
}

Node.js示例

本示例所用语言是javaScript。

const crypto = require('crypto');
const fs = require('fs');

class Request {
    constructor(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion) {
        this.httpMethod = httpMethod;
        this.canonicalUri = canonicalUri || '/';
        this.host = host;
        this.xAcsAction = xAcsAction;
        this.xAcsVersion = xAcsVersion;
        this.headers = {};
        this.body = null;
        this.queryParam = {};
        this.initHeader();
    }

    initHeader() {
        const date = new Date();
        this.headers = {
            'host': this.host,
            'x-acs-action': this.xAcsAction,
            'x-acs-version': this.xAcsVersion,
            'x-acs-date': date.toISOString().replace(/\..+/, 'Z'),
            'x-acs-signature-nonce': crypto.randomBytes(16).toString('hex')
        }
    }
}

const ALGORITHM = 'ACS3-HMAC-SHA256';
const accessKeyId = process.env.ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID;
const accessKeySecret = process.env.ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_SECRET;
const encoder = new TextEncoder()

if (!accessKeyId || !accessKeySecret) {
    console.error('ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID and ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_SECRET environment variables must be set.');
    process.exit(1);
}

function getAuthorization(signRequest) {
    try {
        newQueryParam = {};
        processObject(newQueryParam, "", signRequest.queryParam);
        signRequest.queryParam = newQueryParam;
        // 步骤 1：拼接规范请求串
        const canonicalQueryString = Object.entries(signRequest.queryParam)
            .sort(([a], [b]) => a.localeCompare(b))
            .map(([key, value]) => `${percentCode(key)}=${percentCode(value)}`)
            .join('&');

        // 请求体，当请求正文为空时，比如GET请求，RequestPayload固定为空字符串
        const requestPayload = signRequest.body || encoder.encode('');
        const hashedRequestPayload = sha256Hex(requestPayload);
        signRequest.headers['x-acs-content-sha256'] = hashedRequestPayload;

        // 将所有key都转换为小写
        signRequest.headers = Object.fromEntries(
            Object.entries(signRequest.headers).map(([key, value]) => [key.toLowerCase(), value])
        );

        const sortedKeys = Object.keys(signRequest.headers)
            .filter(key => key.startsWith('x-acs-') || key === 'host' || key === 'content-type')
            .sort();
        // 已签名消息头列表，多个请求头名称（小写）按首字母升序排列并以英文分号（;）分隔
        const signedHeaders = sortedKeys.join(";")
        // 构造请求头，多个规范化消息头，按照消息头名称（小写）的字符代码顺序以升序排列后拼接在一起
        const canonicalHeaders = sortedKeys.map(key => `${key}:${signRequest.headers[key]}`).join('\n') + '\n';

        const canonicalRequest = [
            signRequest.httpMethod,
            signRequest.canonicalUri,
            canonicalQueryString,
            canonicalHeaders,
            signedHeaders,
            hashedRequestPayload
        ].join('\n');
        console.log('canonicalRequest=========>\n', canonicalRequest);

        // 步骤 2：拼接待签名字符串
        const hashedCanonicalRequest = sha256Hex(encoder.encode(canonicalRequest));
        const stringToSign = `${ALGORITHM}\n${hashedCanonicalRequest}`;
        console.log('stringToSign=========>', stringToSign);

        // 步骤 3：计算签名
        const signature = hmac256(accessKeySecret, stringToSign);
        console.log('signature=========>', signature);

        // 步骤 4：拼接 Authorization
        const authorization = `${ALGORITHM} Credential=${accessKeyId},SignedHeaders=${signedHeaders},Signature=${signature}`;
        console.log('authorization=========>', authorization);
        signRequest.headers['Authorization'] = authorization;
    } catch (error) {
        console.error('Failed to get authorization');
        console.error(error);
    }
}

async function callApi(signRequest) {
    try {
        let url = `https://${signRequest.host}${signRequest.canonicalUri}`;
        // 添加请求参数
        if (signRequest.queryParam) {
            const query = new URLSearchParams(signRequest.queryParam);
            url += '?' + query.toString();
        }
        console.log('url=========>', url);

        // 配置请求选项
        let options = {
            method: signRequest.httpMethod.toUpperCase(),
            headers: signRequest.headers
        };

        // 处理请求体
        if (signRequest.body && ['POST', 'PUT'].includes(signRequest.httpMethod.toUpperCase())) {
            options.body = signRequest.body;
        }
        return (await fetch(url, options)).text();
    } catch (error) {
        console.error('Failed to send request:', error);
    }
}

function percentCode(str) {
    return encodeURIComponent(str)
        .replace(/\+/g, '%20')
        .replace(/\*/g, '%2A')
        .replace(/~/g, '%7E');
}

function hmac256(key, data) {
    const hmac = crypto.createHmac('sha256', key);
    hmac.update(data, 'utf8');
    return hmac.digest('hex').toLowerCase();
}

function sha256Hex(bytes) {
    const hash = crypto.createHash('sha256');
    const digest = hash.update(bytes).digest('hex');
    return digest.toLowerCase();
}

function formDataToString(formData) {
    const tmp = {};
    processObject(tmp, "", formData);
    let queryString = '';
    for (let [key, value] of Object.entries(tmp)) {
        if (queryString !== '') {
            queryString += '&';
        }
        queryString += encodeURIComponent(key) + '=' + encodeURIComponent(value);
    }
    return queryString;
}

function processObject(map, key, value) {
    // 如果值为空，则无需进一步处理
    if (value === null) {
        return;
    }
    if (key === null) {
        key = "";
    }

    // 当值为Array类型时，遍历Array中的每个元素，并递归处理
    if (Array.isArray(value)) {
        value.forEach((item, index) => {
            processObject(map, `${key}.${index + 1}`, item);
        });
    } else if (typeof value === 'object' && value !== null) {
        // 当值为Object类型时，遍历Object中的每个键值对，并递归处理
        Object.entries(value).forEach(([subKey, subValue]) => {
            processObject(map, `${key}.${subKey}`, subValue);
        });
    } else {
        // 对于以"."开头的键，移除开头的"."以保持键的连续性
        if (key.startsWith('.')) {
            key = key.slice(1);
        }
        map[key] = String(value);
    }
}

/**
 * 签名示例，您需要根据实际情况替换main方法中的示例参数。
 * ROA接口和RPC接口只有canonicalUri取值逻辑是完全不同，其余内容都是相似的。
 *
 * 通过API元数据获取请求方法（methods）、请求参数名称（name）、请求参数类型（type）、请求参数位置（in），并将参数封装到SignatureRequest中。
 * 1. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in":"query"，通过queryParam传参。
 * 2. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "body"，通过body传参。
 * 3. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "formData"，通过body传参。
 */

// RPC接口请求示例一：请求参数"in":"query"
const httpMethod = 'POST'; // 请求方式，大部分RPC接口同时支持POST和GET，此处以POST为例
const canonicalUri = '/'; // RPC接口无资源路径，故使用正斜杠（/）作为CanonicalURI
const host = 'ecs.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com'; // endpoint
const xAcsAction = 'DescribeInstanceStatus'; // API名称
const xAcsVersion = '2014-05-26'; // API版本号
const signRequest = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion, xAcsVersion);
// DescribeInstanceStatus请求参数如下：
signRequest.queryParam = {
    // RegionId在元数据中显示的类型是String，"in":"query"，必填
    RegionId: 'cn-hangzhou',
    // InstanceId的在元数据中显示的类型是array，"in":"query"，非必填
    InstanceId: ["i-bp10igfmnyttXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX"],
}


// // RPC接口请求示例二：请求参数"in":"body"
// const httpMethod = 'POST';
// const canonicalUri = '/';
// const host = 'ocr-api.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com';
// const xAcsAction = 'RecognizeGeneral';
// const xAcsVersion = '2021-07-07';
// const signRequest = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion, xAcsVersion);
// const filePath = 'D:\\test.png';
// const bytes = fs.readFileSync(filePath);
// // 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "body"，表示参数放在body中
// signRequest.body = bytes;
// signRequest.headers['content-type'] = 'application/octet-stream';


// // RPC接口请求示例三：请求参数"in": "formData"
// const httpMethod = 'POST'; // 请求方式，大部分RPC接口同时支持POST和GET，此处以POST为例
// const canonicalUri = '/'; // RPC接口无资源路径，故使用正斜杠（/）作为CanonicalURI
// const host = 'mt.aliyuncs.com'; // endpoint
// const xAcsAction = 'TranslateGeneral'; // API名称
// const xAcsVersion = '2018-10-12'; // API版本号
// const signRequest = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion, xAcsVersion);
// // TranslateGeneral请求参数如下：
// // Context在元数据中显示的类型是String，"in":"query"，非必填
// signRequest.queryParam["Context"] = "早上";
// // FormatType、SourceLanguage、TargetLanguage等参数，在元数据中显示"in":"formData"
// const formData = {
//     SourceLanguage: "zh",
//     TargetLanguage: "en",
//     FormatType: "text",
//     Scene: "general",
//     SourceText: '你好'
// }
// const str = formDataToString(formData)
// signRequest.body = encoder.encode(str);
// signRequest.headers['content-type'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';


// // ROA接口POST请求
// const httpMethod = 'POST';
// const canonicalUri = '/clusters';
// const host = 'cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com';
// const xAcsAction = 'CreateCluster';
// const xAcsVersion = '2015-12-15';
// const signRequest = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion, xAcsVersion);
// // 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "body"，表示参数放在body中
// const body = {
//     name: 'testDemo',
//     region_id: 'cn-beijing',
//     cluster_type: 'ExternalKubernetes',
//     vpcid: 'vpc-2zeou1uod4ylaf35teei9',
//     container_cidr: '10.0.0.0/8',
//     service_cidr: '172.16.3.0/20',
//     security_group_id: 'sg-2ze1a0rlgeo7dj37dd1q',
//     vswitch_ids: [
//         'vsw-2zei30dhfldu8ytmtarro'
//       ],
// }
// signRequest.body = encoder.encode(JSON.stringify(body));
// signRequest.headers['content-type'] = 'application/json';


// // ROA接口GET请求
// const httpMethod = 'GET';
// // canonicalUri如果存在path参数，需要对path参数encode，percentCode({path参数})
// const canonicalUri = '/clusters/' + percentCode("c28c2615f8bfd466b9ef9a76c61706e96") + '/resources';
// const host = 'cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com';
// const xAcsAction = 'DescribeClusterResources';
// const xAcsVersion = '2015-12-15';
// const signRequest = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion, xAcsVersion);
// signRequest.queryParam = {
//     with_addon_resources: true,
// }


// // ROA接口DELETE请求
// const httpMethod = 'DELETE';
// // canonicalUri如果存在path参数，需要对path参数encode，percentCode({path参数})
// const canonicalUri = '/clusters/' + percentCode("c28c2615f8bfd466b9ef9a76c61706e96");
// const host = 'cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com';
// const xAcsAction = 'DeleteCluster';
// const xAcsVersion = '2015-12-15';
// const signRequest = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion, xAcsVersion);

getAuthorization(signRequest);
callApi(signRequest).then(r => {
    console.log(r);
}).catch(error => {
    console.error(error);
});

PHP示例

<?php

class SignatureDemo
{
    // 加密算法
    private $ALGORITHM;
    // Access Key ID
    private $AccessKeyId;
    // Access Key Secret
    private $AccessKeySecret;

    public function __construct()
    {
        date_default_timezone_set('UTC'); // 设置时区为GMT
        $this->AccessKeyId = getenv('ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID'); // getenv()表示从环境变量中获取RAM用户Access Key ID
        $this->AccessKeySecret = getenv('ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_SECRET'); // getenv()表示从环境变量中获取RAM用户Access Key Secret
        $this->ALGORITHM = 'ACS3-HMAC-SHA256'; // 设置加密算法
    }

    /**
     * 签名示例，您需要根据实际情况替换main方法中的示例参数。
     * ROA接口和RPC接口只有canonicalUri取值逻辑是完全不同，其余内容都是相似的。
     *
     * 通过API元数据获取请求方法（methods）、请求参数名称（name）、请求参数类型（type）、请求参数位置（in），并将参数封装到SignatureRequest中。
     * 1. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in":"query"，通过queryParam传参。
     * 2. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "body"，通过body传参。
     * 3. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "formData"，通过body传参。
     */
    public function main()
    {
        // RPC接口请求示例一：请求参数"in":"query"
        $request = $this->createRequest('POST', '/', 'ecs.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com', 'DescribeInstanceStatus', '2014-05-26');
        // DescribeInstanceStatus请求参数如下：
        $request['queryParam'] = [
            // RegionId在元数据中显示的类型是String，"in":"query"，必填
            'RegionId' => 'cn-hangzhou',
            // InstanceId的在元数据中显示的类型是array，"in":"query"，非必填
            'InstanceId' => ["i-bp11ht4h2kdXXXXXXXX", "i-bp16maz3h3xgXXXXXXXX", "i-bp10r67hmslXXXXXXXX"]
        ];

        // // RPC接口请求示例二：请求参数"in":"body"
        // $request = $this->createRequest('POST', '/', 'ocr-api.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com', 'RecognizeGeneral', '2021-07-07');
        // // 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "body"，通过body传参。
        // $filePath = 'D:\\test.png';
        // // 使用文件资源传入二进制格式文件
        // $fileResource = fopen($filePath, 'rb');
        // $request['body'] = stream_get_contents($fileResource); 
        // $request['headers']['content-type'] = 'application/octet-stream'; // 设置 Content-Type 为 application/octet-stream
        // // 关闭文件资源
        // fclose($fileResource);


        // // RPC接口请求示例三：请求参数"in": "formData"
        // $request = $this->createRequest('POST', '/', 'mt.aliyuncs.com', 'TranslateGeneral', '2018-10-12');
        // // TranslateGeneral请求参数如下：
        // $request['queryParam'] = [
        //     // Context在元数据中显示的类型是String，"in":"query"，非必填
        //     'Context' => '早上',
        // ];
        // $formData = [
        //     'FormatType' => 'text',
        //     'SourceLanguage' => 'zh',
        //     'TargetLanguage' => 'en',
        //     'SourceText' => '你好',
        //     'Scene' => 'general',
        // ];
        // $str = self::formDataToString($formData);
        // $request['body'] = $str;
        // $request['headers']['content-type'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';


        // // ROA接口POST请求
        // $request = $this->createRequest('POST', '/clusters', 'cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com', 'CreateCluster', '2015-12-15');
        // $bodyData = [
        //     'name' => '测试集群',
        //     'region_id' => 'cn-beijing',
        //     'cluster_type' => 'ExternalKubernetes',
        //     'vpcid' => 'vpc-2zeou1uod4ylaXXXXXXXX',
        //     'service_cidr' => '10.2.0.0/24',
        //     'security_group_id' => 'sg-2ze1a0rlgeo7XXXXXXXX',
        //     "vswitch_ids" => [
        //         "vsw-2zei30dhfldu8XXXXXXXX"
        //     ]
        // ];
        // $request['body'] = json_encode($bodyData, JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE);
        // $request['headers']['content-type'] = 'application/json; charset=utf-8'; 


        // // ROA接口GET请求
        // // canonicalUri如果存在path参数，需要对path参数encode，rawurlencode({path参数})
        // $cluster_id = 'c930976b3b1fc4e02bc09831dXXXXXXXX';
        // $canonicalUri = sprintf("/clusters/%s/resources", rawurlencode($cluster_id));
        // $request = $this->createRequest('GET', $canonicalUri, 'cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com', 'DescribeClusterResources', '2015-12-15');
        // $request['queryParam'] = [
        //     'with_addon_resources' => true,
        // ];


        // // ROA接口DELETE请求
        // $cluster_id = 'c930976b3b1fc4e02bc09831dXXXXXXXX';
        // $canonicalUri = sprintf("/clusters/%s", rawurlencode($cluster_id));
        // $request = $this->createRequest('DELETE', $canonicalUri, 'cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com', 'DeleteCluster', '2015-12-15');

        $this->getAuthorization($request);
        $this->callApi($request);
    }

    private function createRequest($httpMethod, $canonicalUri, $host, $xAcsAction, $xAcsVersion)
    {
        $headers = [
            'host' => $host,
            'x-acs-action' => $xAcsAction,
            'x-acs-version' => $xAcsVersion,
            'x-acs-date' => gmdate('Y-m-d\TH:i:s\Z'),
            'x-acs-signature-nonce' => bin2hex(random_bytes(16)),
        ];
        return [
            'httpMethod' => $httpMethod,
            'canonicalUri' => $canonicalUri,
            'host' => $host,
            'headers' => $headers,
            'queryParam' => [],
            'body' => null,
        ];
    }

    private function getAuthorization(&$request)
    {
        $request['queryParam'] = $this->processObject($request['queryParam']);
        $canonicalQueryString = $this->buildCanonicalQueryString($request['queryParam']);
        $hashedRequestPayload = hash('sha256', $request['body'] ?? '');
        $request['headers']['x-acs-content-sha256'] = $hashedRequestPayload;

        $canonicalHeaders = $this->buildCanonicalHeaders($request['headers']);
        $signedHeaders = $this->buildSignedHeaders($request['headers']);

        $canonicalRequest = implode("\n", [
            $request['httpMethod'],
            $request['canonicalUri'],
            $canonicalQueryString,
            $canonicalHeaders,
            $signedHeaders,
            $hashedRequestPayload,
        ]);

        $hashedCanonicalRequest = hash('sha256', $canonicalRequest);
        $stringToSign = "{$this->ALGORITHM}\n$hashedCanonicalRequest";

        $signature = strtolower(bin2hex(hash_hmac('sha256', $stringToSign, $this->AccessKeySecret, true)));
        $authorization = "{$this->ALGORITHM} Credential={$this->AccessKeyId},SignedHeaders=$signedHeaders,Signature=$signature";

        $request['headers']['Authorization'] = $authorization;
    }

    private function callApi($request)
    {
        try {
            // 通过cURL发送请求
            $url = "https://" . $request['host'] . $request['canonicalUri'];

            // 添加请求参数到URL
            if (!empty($request['queryParam'])) {
                $url .= '?' . http_build_query($request['queryParam']);
            }

            echo $url;
            // 初始化cURL会话
            $ch = curl_init();

            // 设置cURL选项
            curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, false); // 禁用SSL证书验证，请注意，这会降低安全性，不应在生产环境中使用（不推荐！！！）
            curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url);
            curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true); // 返回而不是输出内容
            curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, $this->convertHeadersToArray($request['headers'])); // 添加请求头

            // 根据请求类型设置cURL选项
            switch ($request['httpMethod']) {
                case "GET":
                    break;
                case "POST":
                    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, true);
                    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $request['body']);
                    break;
                case "DELETE":
                    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, "DELETE");
                    break;
                default:
                    echo "Unsupported HTTP method: " . $request['body'];
                    throw new Exception("Unsupported HTTP method");
            }

            // 发送请求
            $result = curl_exec($ch);

            // 检查是否有错误发生
            if (curl_errno($ch)) {
                echo "Failed to send request: " . curl_error($ch);
            } else {
                echo $result;
            }

        } catch (Exception $e) {
            echo "Error: " . $e->getMessage();
        } finally {
            // 关闭cURL会话
            curl_close($ch);
        }
    }

    function formDataToString($formData)
    {
        $res = self::processObject($formData);
        return http_build_query($res);
    }

    function processObject($value)
    {
        // 如果值为空，则无需进一步处理
        if ($value === null) {
            return;
        }
        $tmp = [];
        foreach ($value as $k => $v) {
            if (0 !== strpos($k, '_')) {
                $tmp[$k] = $v;
            }
        }
        return self::flatten($tmp);
    }

    private static function flatten($items = [], $delimiter = '.', $prepend = '')
    {
        $flatten = [];
        foreach ($items as $key => $value) {
            $pos = \is_int($key) ? $key + 1 : $key;

            if (\is_object($value)) {
                $value = get_object_vars($value);
            }

            if (\is_array($value) && !empty($value)) {
                $flatten = array_merge(
                    $flatten,
                    self::flatten($value, $delimiter, $prepend . $pos . $delimiter)
                );
            } else {
                if (\is_bool($value)) {
                    $value = true === $value ? 'true' : 'false';
                }
                $flatten["$prepend$pos"] = $value;
            }
        }
        return $flatten;
    }


    private function convertHeadersToArray($headers)
    {
        $headerArray = [];
        foreach ($headers as $key => $value) {
            $headerArray[] = "$key: $value";
        }
        return $headerArray;
    }


    private function buildCanonicalQueryString($queryParams)
    {

        ksort($queryParams);
        // Build and encode query parameters
        $params = [];
        foreach ($queryParams as $k => $v) {
            if (null === $v) {
                continue;
            }
            $str = rawurlencode($k);
            if ('' !== $v && null !== $v) {
                $str .= '=' . rawurlencode($v);
            } else {
                $str .= '=';
            }
            $params[] = $str;
        }
        return implode('&', $params);
    }

    private function buildCanonicalHeaders($headers)
    {
        // Sort headers by key and concatenate them
        uksort($headers, 'strcasecmp');
        $canonicalHeaders = '';
        foreach ($headers as $key => $value) {
            $canonicalHeaders .= strtolower($key) . ':' . trim($value) . "\n";
        }
        return $canonicalHeaders;
    }

    private function buildSignedHeaders($headers)
    {
        // Build the signed headers string
        $signedHeaders = array_keys($headers);
        sort($signedHeaders, SORT_STRING | SORT_FLAG_CASE);
        return implode(';', array_map('strtolower', $signedHeaders));
    }
}

$demo = new SignatureDemo();
$demo->main();

.NET示例

using System.Globalization;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Http.Headers;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;
using System.Web;
using Newtonsoft.Json;

namespace SignatureDemo
{
    public class Request
    {
        public string HttpMethod { get; private set; }
        public string CanonicalUri { get; private set; }
        public string Host { get; private set; }
        public string XAcsAction { get; private set; }
        public string XAcsVersion { get; private set; }
        public SortedDictionary<string, object> Headers { get; private set; }
        public byte[] Body { get; set; }
        public Dictionary<string, object> QueryParam { get; set; }

        public Request(string httpMethod, string canonicalUri, string host, string xAcsAction, string xAcsVersion)
        {
            HttpMethod = httpMethod;
            CanonicalUri = canonicalUri;
            Host = host;
            XAcsAction = xAcsAction;
            XAcsVersion = xAcsVersion;
            Headers = [];
            QueryParam = [];
            Body = null;
            InitHeader();
        }

        private void InitHeader()
        {
            Headers["host"] = Host;
            Headers["x-acs-action"] = XAcsAction;
            Headers["x-acs-version"] = XAcsVersion;
            DateTime utcNow = DateTime.UtcNow;
            Headers["x-acs-date"] = utcNow.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss'Z'", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
            Headers["x-acs-signature-nonce"] = Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
        }
    }

    public class Program
    {
        private static readonly string AccessKeyId = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID") ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("环境变量 ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID 未设置");
        private static readonly string AccessKeySecret = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_SECRET") ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("环境变量 ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_SECRET 未设置");
        private const string Algorithm = "ACS3-HMAC-SHA256";
        private const string ContentType = "content-type";

        /**
        * 签名示例，您需要根据实际情况替换main方法中的示例参数。
        * ROA接口和RPC接口只有canonicalUri取值逻辑是完全不同，其余内容都是相似的。
        *
        * 通过API元数据获取请求方法（methods）、请求参数名称（name）、请求参数类型（type）、请求参数位置（in），并将参数封装到SignatureRequest中。
        * 1. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in":"query"，通过queryParam传参。
        * 2. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "body"，通过body传参。
        * 3. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "formData"，通过body传参。
        */
        public static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            // RPC接口请求示例一：请求参数"in":"query"
            string httpMethod = "POST"; // 请求方式，大部分RPC接口同时支持POST和GET，此处以POST为例
            string canonicalUri = "/"; // RPC接口无资源路径，故使用正斜杠（/）作为CanonicalURI
            string host = "ecs.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com"; // 云产品服务接入点
            string xAcsAction = "DescribeInstanceStatus"; // API名称
            string xAcsVersion = "2014-05-26"; // API版本号
            var request = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);
            // DescribeInstanceStatus请求参数如下：
            // RegionId在元数据中显示的类型是String，"in":"query"，必填
            request.QueryParam["RegionId"] = "cn-hangzhou"; 
            // InstanceId的在元数据中显示的类型是array，"in":"query"，非必填
            List<string> instanceIds = ["i-bp10igfmnyttXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX"];
            request.QueryParam["InstanceId"] = instanceIds; 

            // // RPC接口请求示例二：请求参数"in":"body"
            // string httpMethod = "POST"; 
            // string canonicalUri = "/"; 
            // string host = "ocr-api.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com"; 
            // string xAcsAction = "RecognizeGeneral"; 
            // string xAcsVersion = "2021-07-07"; 
            // var request = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);
            // // 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "body"，通过body传参。
            // request.Body = File.ReadAllBytes(@"D:\test.png");
            // request.Headers["content-type"] = "application/octet-stream";


            // // RPC接口请求示例三：请求参数"in": "formData"
            // string httpMethod = "POST"; 
            // string canonicalUri = "/"; 
            // string host = "mt.aliyuncs.com"; 
            // string xAcsAction = "TranslateGeneral"; 
            // string xAcsVersion = "2018-10-12"; 
            // var request = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);
            // // TranslateGeneral请求参数如下：
            // // Context在元数据中显示的类型是String，"in":"query"，非必填
            // request.QueryParam["Context"] = "早上"; 
            // // FormatType、SourceLanguage、TargetLanguage等参数，在元数据中显示"in":"formData"
            // var body = new Dictionary<string, object>
            // {
            //     { "FormatType", "text" },
            //     { "SourceLanguage", "zh" },
            //     { "TargetLanguage", "en" },
            //     { "SourceText", "你好" },
            //     { "Scene", "general" },
            // };
            // var str = FormDataToString(body);
            // request.Body = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(str);
            // request.Headers[ContentType] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded";


            // // ROA接口POST请求
            // String httpMethod = "POST";
            // String canonicalUri = "/clusters";
            // String host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com";
            // String xAcsAction = "CreateCluster"; 
            // String xAcsVersion = "2015-12-15"; 
            // Request request = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);
            // // 请求body，通过JsonConvert将body转成JSON字符串
            // var body = new SortedDictionary<string, object>
            // {
            //     { "name", "testDemo" },
            //     { "region_id", "cn-beijing" },
            //     { "cluster_type", "ExternalKubernetes" },
            //     { "vpcid", "vpc-2zeou1uod4ylaXXXXXXXX" },
            //     { "container_cidr", "10.0.0.0/8" },
            //     { "service_cidr", "172.16.1.0/20" },
            //     { "security_group_id", "sg-2ze1a0rlgeo7XXXXXXXX" },
            //     { "vswitch_ids", new List<string>{"vsw-2zei30dhfldu8XXXXXXXX"} },
            // };
            // string jsonBody = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(body, Formatting.None);
            // request.Body = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(jsonBody);
            // request.Headers[ContentType] = "application/json; charset=utf-8";

            // // ROA接口GET请求
            // String httpMethod = "GET";
            // // canonicalUri如果存在path参数，需要对path参数encode，percentCode({path参数})
            // String canonicalUri = "/clusters/" + PercentCode("c81d501a467594eab873edbf2XXXXXXXX") + "/resources";
            // String host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"; 
            // String xAcsAction = "DescribeClusterResources"; 
            // String xAcsVersion = "2015-12-15"; 
            // Request request = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);
            // request.QueryParam["with_addon_resources"]=true;

            // // ROA接口DELETE请求
            // String httpMethod = "DELETE";
            // // canonicalUri如果存在path参数，需要对path参数encode，percentCode({path参数})
            // String canonicalUri = "/clusters/" + PercentCode("c81d501a467594eab873edbf2XXXXXXXX");
            // String host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"; 
            // String xAcsAction = "DeleteCluster"; 
            // String xAcsVersion = "2015-12-15"; 
            // Request request = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);

            GetAuthorization(request);
            var result = CallApiAsync(request);
            Console.WriteLine($"result:{result.Result}");
        }

        private static async Task<string?> CallApiAsync(Request request)
        {
            try
            {
                // 声明 httpClient
                using var httpClient = new HttpClient();

                // 构建 URL
                string url = $"https://{request.Host}{request.CanonicalUri}";
                var uriBuilder = new UriBuilder(url);
                var query = new List<string>();

                // 添加请求参数
                foreach (var entry in request.QueryParam.OrderBy(e => e.Key.ToLower()))
                {
                    string value = entry.Value?.ToString() ?? "";
                    query.Add($"{entry.Key}={Uri.EscapeDataString(value)}");
                }

                uriBuilder.Query = string.Join("&", query);
                Console.WriteLine(uriBuilder.Uri);
                var requestMessage = new HttpRequestMessage
                {
                    Method = new HttpMethod(request.HttpMethod),
                    RequestUri = uriBuilder.Uri,
                };

                // 设置请求头
                foreach (var entry in request.Headers)
                {
                    if (entry.Key == "Authorization")
                    {
                        requestMessage.Headers.TryAddWithoutValidation("Authorization", entry.Value.ToString()); ;
                    }
                    else if (entry.Key == ContentType) // 与main中定义的要一致
                    {
                        continue;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        requestMessage.Headers.Add(entry.Key, entry.Value.ToString());
                    }
                }

                if (request.Body != null)
                {
                    HttpContent content = new ByteArrayContent(request.Body);
                    string contentType = request.Headers["content-type"].ToString();
                    content.Headers.ContentType = MediaTypeHeaderValue.Parse(contentType);
                    requestMessage.Content = content;
                }
                
                // 发送请求
                HttpResponseMessage response = await httpClient.SendAsync(requestMessage);
                // 读取响应内容
                string result = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();
                return result;
            }
            catch (UriFormatException e)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Invalid URI syntax");
                Console.WriteLine(e.Message);
                return null;
            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Failed to send request");
                Console.WriteLine(e);
                return null;
            }
        }

        private static void GetAuthorization(Request request)
        {
            try
            {
                // 处理queryParam中参数值为List、Map类型的参数，将参数平铺
                request.QueryParam = FlattenDictionary(request.QueryParam);

                // 步骤 1：拼接规范请求串
                StringBuilder canonicalQueryString = new();
                foreach (var entry in request.QueryParam.OrderBy(e => e.Key.ToLower()))
                {
                    if (canonicalQueryString.Length > 0)
                    {
                        canonicalQueryString.Append('&');
                    }
                    canonicalQueryString.Append($"{PercentCode(entry.Key)}={PercentCode(entry.Value?.ToString() ?? "")}");
                }

                byte[] requestPayload = request.Body==null ? Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("") : request.Body;
                string hashedRequestPayload = Sha256Hash(requestPayload);
                request.Headers["x-acs-content-sha256"] = hashedRequestPayload;

                StringBuilder canonicalHeaders = new();
                StringBuilder signedHeadersSb = new();
                foreach (var entry in request.Headers.OrderBy(e => e.Key.ToLower()))
                {
                    if (entry.Key.StartsWith("x-acs-", StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase) || entry.Key.Equals("host", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) || entry.Key.Equals(ContentType, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                    {
                        string lowerKey = entry.Key.ToLower();
                        string value = (entry.Value?.ToString() ?? "").Trim();
                        canonicalHeaders.Append($"{lowerKey}:{value}\n");
                        signedHeadersSb.Append($"{lowerKey};");
                    }
                }
                string signedHeaders = signedHeadersSb.ToString().TrimEnd(';');
                string canonicalRequest = $"{request.HttpMethod}\n{request.CanonicalUri}\n{canonicalQueryString}\n{canonicalHeaders}\n{signedHeaders}\n{hashedRequestPayload}";
                Console.WriteLine($"canonicalRequest:{canonicalRequest}");

                // 步骤 2：拼接待签名字符串
                string hashedCanonicalRequest = Sha256Hash(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(canonicalRequest));
                string stringToSign = $"{Algorithm}\n{hashedCanonicalRequest}";
                Console.WriteLine($"stringToSign:{stringToSign}");

                // 步骤 3：计算签名
                string signature = HmacSha256(AccessKeySecret, stringToSign);

                // 步骤 4：拼接 Authorization
                string authorization = $"{Algorithm} Credential={AccessKeyId},SignedHeaders={signedHeaders},Signature={signature}";
                request.Headers["Authorization"] = authorization;
                Console.WriteLine($"authorization:{authorization}");
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Failed to get authorization");
                Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
            }
        }

        private static string FormDataToString(Dictionary<string, object> formData)
        {
            Dictionary<string, object> tileMap = FlattenDictionary( formData);
            
            StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
            bool first = true;
            string symbol = "&";

            foreach (var entry in tileMap)
            {
                string value = entry.Value.ToString();
                if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(value))
                {
                    if (!first)
                    {
                        result.Append(symbol);
                    }
                    first = false;
                    result.Append(PercentCode(entry.Key));
                    result.Append("=");
                    result.Append(PercentCode(value));
                }
            }
            return result.ToString();
        }

        private static Dictionary<string, object> FlattenDictionary(Dictionary<string, object> dictionary, string prefix = "")
        {
            var result = new Dictionary<string, object>();
            foreach (var kvp in dictionary)
            {
                string key = string.IsNullOrEmpty(prefix) ? kvp.Key : $"{prefix}.{kvp.Key}";

                if (kvp.Value is Dictionary<string, object> nestedDict)
                {
                    var nestedResult = FlattenDictionary(nestedDict, key);
                    foreach (var nestedKvp in nestedResult)
                    {
                        result[nestedKvp.Key] = nestedKvp.Value;
                    }
                }
                else if (kvp.Value is List<string> list)
                {
                    for (int i = 0; i < list.Count; i++)
                    {
                        result[$"{key}.{i + 1}"] = list[i];
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    result[key] = kvp.Value;
                }
            }
            return result;
        }

        private static string HmacSha256(string key, string message)
        {
            using (var hmac = new HMACSHA256(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(key)))
            {
                byte[] hashMessage = hmac.ComputeHash(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message));
                return BitConverter.ToString(hashMessage).Replace("-", "").ToLower();
            }
        }

        private static string Sha256Hash(byte[] input)
        {
            byte[] hashBytes = SHA256.HashData(input);
            return BitConverter.ToString(hashBytes).Replace("-", "").ToLower();
        }

        private static string PercentCode(string str)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(str))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("输入字符串不可为null或空");
            }
            return Uri.EscapeDataString(str).Replace("+", "%20").Replace("*", "%2A").Replace("%7E", "~");
        }
    }
}

Rust示例

运行Rust示例，需要您在Cargo.toml中添加以下依赖。

[dependencies]
serde = { version = "1.0" }
serde_json = "1.0"
rand = "0.8"
base64 = "0.21"
sha2 = "0.10"
chrono = "0.4"
hmac = "0.12"
hex = "0.4"
reqwest = { version = "0.11", features = ["json"] }
tokio = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }
percent-encoding = "2.1"

use core::str;
use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap};
use std::env;
use std::time::{SystemTime, SystemTimeError};
use chrono::DateTime;
use hmac::{Hmac, Mac};
use percent_encoding::{NON_ALPHANUMERIC, utf8_percent_encode};
use rand::Rng;
use serde_json::{json, Value}; 
use std::borrow::Cow;    
use reqwest::{
    Client,
    header::{HeaderMap, HeaderValue}, Method, Response, StatusCode,
};
use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
use base64; // 加载base64 crate

/// 获取当前时间戳（秒）
pub fn current_timestamp() -> Result<u64, SystemTimeError> {
    Ok(SystemTime::now()
        .duration_since(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH)?
        .as_secs())
}

// 对指定的字符串进行URL编码。返回值类型为&Str，URLEncoder.encode(str, "UTF-8").replace("+", "%20").replace("*", "%2A").replace("%7E", "~")
pub fn percent_code(encode_str: &str) -> Cow<'_, str> {
    let encoded = utf8_percent_encode(encode_str, NON_ALPHANUMERIC)
        .to_string()
        .replace("+", "20%")
        .replace("%5F", "_")
        .replace("%2D", "-")
        .replace("%2E", ".")
        .replace("%7E", "~");
        
    Cow::Owned(encoded) // 返回一个 Cow<str> 可以持有 String 或 &str
}

/// 计算SHA256哈希
pub fn sha256_hex(message: &str) -> String {
    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
    hasher.update(message);
    format!("{:x}", hasher.finalize()).to_lowercase()
}

/// HMAC SHA256
pub fn hmac256(key: &[u8], message: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
    let mut mac = Hmac::<Sha256>::new_from_slice(key)
        .map_err(|e| format!("use data key on sha256 fail:{}", e))?;
    mac.update(message.as_bytes());
    let signature = mac.finalize();
    Ok(signature.into_bytes().to_vec())
}

/// 生成指定长度的随机字符串
pub fn generate_random_string(length: usize) -> String {
    const CHARSET: &[u8] = b"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789";
    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();
    (0..length)
        .map(|_| CHARSET[rng.gen_range(0..CHARSET.len())] as char)
        .collect()
}

/// 生成随机字符串作为nonce
pub fn generate_nonce() -> String {
    generate_random_string(32)
}

// 定义 FormData 数据类型
#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum FormValue {
    String(String),
    // 添加类型：Vec<String>, HashSet<String> 或者 HashMap<String, String> 等
    Vec(Vec<String>),
    HashMap(HashMap<String, String>),
}

// 定义一个body请求体枚举，用于统一处理请求体类型,包含Json,Map，二进制类型 
pub enum RequestBody {
    Json(HashMap<String, Value>), // Json
    Binary(Vec<u8>), // Binary
    FormData(HashMap<String, FormValue>), //  FormData 
    None,
}

/// 规范化请求
pub async fn call_api(
    client: Client,
    method: Method,
    host: &str,
    canonical_uri: &str,
    query_params: &[(&str, &str)], // 添加$query_params 查询参数
    action: &str,
    version: &str,
    body: RequestBody,   // 定义接收请求体body参数 （类型为：Json，map，二进制）
    access_key_id: &str,
    access_key_secret: &str,
) -> Result<String, String> {

    // CanonicalQueryString 构建规范化查询字符串
    let canonical_query_string = build_sored_encoded_query_string(query_params);

    // 处理 body 请求体内容，判断 boby 类型        
    let body_content = match &body { // 使用引用来避免移动
        RequestBody::Json(body_map) => json!(body_map).to_string(),  // 若 body 为map，转化为 &str 类型，存储 body_content 变量中
        RequestBody::Binary(_) => String::new(), // 若 body 为二进制类型这里可以保留空字符串，body_content 变量为空
        RequestBody::FormData(form_data) => {
            let params: Vec<String> = form_data
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|(k, v)| {
                match v {
                    FormValue::String(s) => {
                        // 当 FormValue 为 String 时
                        vec![format!("{}={}", percent_code(k), percent_code(&s))]
                    },
                    FormValue::Vec(vec) => {
                        // 当 FormValue 为 Vec 时
                        vec.iter()
                            .map(|s| format!("{}={}", percent_code(k), percent_code(s)))
                            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                    },
                    FormValue::HashMap(map) => {
                        // 当 FormValue 为 HashMap 时
                        map.iter()
                            .map(|(sk, sv)| format!("{}={}", percent_code(sk), percent_code(sv)))
                            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                    },
                }
            })
            .collect();
            params.join("&") //  组成 key=value&key=value 的形式
        },
        RequestBody::None => String::new(),
    };
    // 打印 body 和 query
    println!("Request Body: {}", body_content);
    println!("Query Params: {:?}", query_params);

    let hashed_request_payload = sha256_hex(&body_content);
    
    // x-acs-date
    let now_time = current_timestamp().map_err(|e| format!("Get current timestamp failed: {}", e))?;
    let datetime = DateTime::from_timestamp(now_time as i64, 0).ok_or_else(|| format!("Get datetime from timestamp failed: {}", now_time))?;
    let datetime_str = datetime.format("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ").to_string();
    
    // x-acs-signature-nonce
    let signature_nonce = generate_nonce();
    
    // 构造请求头
    let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
    headers.insert("Host", HeaderValue::from_str(host).unwrap());
    headers.insert("x-acs-action", HeaderValue::from_str(action).unwrap());
    headers.insert("x-acs-version", HeaderValue::from_str(version).unwrap());
    headers.insert("x-acs-date", HeaderValue::from_str(&datetime_str).unwrap());
    headers.insert("x-acs-signature-nonce", HeaderValue::from_str(&signature_nonce).unwrap());
    headers.insert("x-acs-content-sha256", HeaderValue::from_str(&hashed_request_payload).unwrap());

    // 签名的消息头
    let sign_header_arr = &[
        "host",
        "x-acs-action",
        "x-acs-content-sha256",
        "x-acs-date",
        "x-acs-signature-nonce",
        "x-acs-version",
    ];
    
    let sign_headers = sign_header_arr.join(";");
    // 规范化请求头
    let canonical_request = format!(
        "{}\n{}\n{}\n{}\n\n{}\n{}",
        method.as_str(),
        canonical_uri,
        canonical_query_string,
        sign_header_arr.iter().map(|&header| format!("{}:{}", header, headers[header].to_str().unwrap())).collect::<Vec<_>>().join("\n"),
        sign_headers,
        hashed_request_payload
    );
    
    // 计算待签名字符串
    let result = sha256_hex(&canonical_request);
    let string_to_sign = format!("ACS3-HMAC-SHA256\n{}", result);
    let signature = hmac256(access_key_secret.as_bytes(), &string_to_sign)?;
    let data_sign = hex::encode(&signature);
    let auth_data = format!(
        "ACS3-HMAC-SHA256 Credential={},SignedHeaders={},Signature={}",
        access_key_id, sign_headers, data_sign
    );
    
    headers.insert("Authorization", HeaderValue::from_str(&auth_data).unwrap());
    
    // 发送请求
    let url = format!("https://{}{}", host, canonical_uri);
    
    let response = send_request(
        &client,
        method,
        &url,
        headers,
        query_params,                // 接收 query 参数
        &body,                       // 接收body请求体参数（包含Json，Map，二进制） 
        &body_content,               // 接收body请求体参数。当body为map 或者 formDate 的时候，该变量有值；若body参数为二进制，则该变量为空   
    ) 
    .await?;
    
    // 读取响应
    let (_, res) = read_response(response).await?;
    Ok(res)
}

/// 发送请求
async fn send_request(
    client: &Client,
    method: Method,
    url: &str,
    headers: HeaderMap,
    query_params: &[(&str, &str)],     // 接收 query 参数
    body: &RequestBody,                // 接收body请求体参数（包含Json，Map，二进制）
    body_content: &str,                // 接收body请求体参数。当body为 map 或者 formDate 的时候，该变量有值；若body参数为二进制，则该变量为空   
) -> Result<Response, String> {
    
    let mut request_builder = client.request(method, url);

     // 添加 query 参数  
     if !query_params.is_empty() {
        // 这里使用 query_params 直接作为 query 的参数
        request_builder = request_builder.query(query_params);
    }

    // 添加请求头
    for (k, v) in headers.iter() {
        request_builder = request_builder.header(k, v.clone());
    }
    
     // 根据 RequestBody 类型设置请求体
     match body {
        // 如果body是二进制，设置 application/octet-stream 
        RequestBody::Binary(binary_data) => {
            request_builder = request_builder.header("Content-Type", "application/octet-stream");
            request_builder = request_builder.body(binary_data.clone()); // 移动这里的值
        }
        RequestBody::Json(_) => {
            // 如果body为map，且不为空，转化为Json后存储在 body_content 变量中，设置  application/json; charset=utf-8
            if !body_content.is_empty() { 
                request_builder = request_builder.body(body_content.to_string());
                request_builder = request_builder.header("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=utf-8");
            }
        }
        RequestBody::FormData(_) => {
            // 处理 form-data 类型，设置 content-type
            if !body_content.is_empty() { 
            request_builder = request_builder.header("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
            request_builder = request_builder.body(body_content.to_string());
            }
        }
        RequestBody::None => {
            request_builder = request_builder.body(String::new());
        }
    }


    let request = request_builder
        .build()
        .map_err(|e| format!("build request fail: {}", e))?;
   

    let response = client
        .execute(request)
        .await
        .map_err(|e| format!("execute request fail: {}", e))?;
    
    Ok(response)
}

/// 读取响应
pub async fn read_response(result: Response) -> Result<(StatusCode, String), String> {
    let status = result.status();
    let data = result.bytes().await.map_err(|e| format!("Read response body failed: {}", e))?;
    let res = match str::from_utf8(&data) {
        Ok(s) => s.to_string(),
        Err(_) => return Err("Body contains non UTF-8 characters".to_string()),
    };
    Ok((status, res))
}

/// 构建规范化查询字符串
pub fn build_sored_encoded_query_string(query_params: &[(&str, &str)]) -> String {
    // 按参数名升序排序并使用 BTreeMap 处理重复
    let sorted_query_params: BTreeMap<_, _> = query_params.iter().copied().collect();
    
    // URI 编码
    let encoded_params: Vec<String> = sorted_query_params
        .into_iter()
        .map(|(k, v)| {
            let encoded_key = percent_code(k);
            let encoded_value = percent_code(v);
            format!("{}={}", encoded_key, encoded_value)
        })
        .collect();
    
    // 使用 & 连接所有编码后的参数
    encoded_params.join("&")
}
 /**
     * 签名示例，您需要根据实际情况替换main方法中的示例参数。
     * ROA接口和RPC接口只有canonicalUri取值逻辑是完全不同，其余内容都是相似的。
     * 通过API元数据获取请求方法（methods）、请求参数名称（name）、请求参数类型（type）、请求参数位置（in），并将参数封装到SignatureRequest中。
     * 1. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in":"query"，通过queryParam传参。
     * 2. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "body"，通过body传参。
     * 2. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "formData"，通过body传参。
*/
#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    // 创建 HTTP 客户端
    let client = Client::new();
    // env::var()表示通过环境变量获取Access Key ID和Access Key Secret
    let access_key_id = env::var("ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID").expect("Cannot get access key id.");
    let access_key_secret = env::var("ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_SECRET").expect("Cannot get access key id.");

    // RPC接口请求示例一：请求参数"in":"query"   POST
    let host = "ecs.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com"; // endpoint
    let canonical_uri = "/"; // RPC接口无资源路径，故使用正斜杠（/）作为CanonicalURI
    let action = "DescribeInstanceStatus"; // API名称
    let version = "2014-05-26"; // API版本号
    // RegionId在元数据中显示的类型是String，"in":"query"，必填
    let query_params = &[("RegionId", "cn-hangzhou")];
    // 构建查询参数  InstanceId的在元数据中显示的类型是array，"in":"query"，非必填
    // let region_id = "cn-hangzhou";
    // let instance_ids = vec![
    //     "i-bp11ht4h2kd1XXXXXXXX",
    //     "i-bp16maz3h3xgXXXXXXXX",
    //     "i-bp10r67hmsllXXXXXXXX",
    // ];
    // // // 将 instance_ids 转换为逗号分隔的字符串
    // let instance_id_str = instance_ids.join(",");
    // // 创建查询参数时，开始的时候添加 RegionId  
    // let mut query: Vec<(&str, &str)> = vec![("RegionId", region_id), ("InstanceId", &instance_id_str)];
    // let query_params = &query[..];


    // RPC接口请求示例二：请求参数"in":"body"  POST
    // let host = "ocr-api.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com";
    // let canonical_uri = "/";
    // let action = "RecognizeGeneral";
    // let version = "2021-07-07";
    // // // 上传文件
    // let binary_data = std::fs::read("C:\\Users\\issuser\\Desktop\\img\\001.png").expect("读文件失败"); // 参数必须要直接传文件二进制
   
    // RPC接口请求示例三：请求参数"in": "formData"  POST
    // let host = "mt.aliyuncs.com";
    // let canonical_uri = "/";
    // let action = "TranslateGeneral";
    // let version = "2018-10-12";
    // // Context在元数据中显示的类型是String，"in":"query"，非必填
    // let query_params = &[("Context", "早上")];
    // // FormatType、SourceLanguage、TargetLanguage等参数，在元数据中显示"in":"formData"
    // let mut body = HashMap::new();  //  HashMap<String, FormValue>   FormValue  可支持Vec<String>, HashSet<String> 或者 HashMap<String, String> ...，更多类型可在FormValue枚举中添加
    // body.insert(String::from("FormatType"),FormValue::String(String::from("text")));
    // body.insert(String::from("SourceLanguage"),FormValue::String(String::from("zh")));
    // body.insert(String::from("TargetLanguage"),FormValue::String(String::from("en")));
    // body.insert(String::from("SourceText"),FormValue::String(String::from("你好")));
    // body.insert(String::from("Scene"),FormValue::String(String::from("general")));
    
    // ROA接口POST请求  API:CreateCluster创建集群  
    // 定义API请求常量
    // let host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com";
    // let canonical_uri = "/clusters";
    // let action = "CreateCluster";
    // let version = "2015-12-15";
    // // 设置请求体参数
    // let mut body = HashMap::new();  //  HashMap<String, Value>  Value支持类型：Value::String("test".to_string()) // String  Value::Number(serde_json::Number::from(42)) // Number  Value::Bool(true) // Boolean  Value::Null // Null  Value::Array(vec![Value::from(1), Value::from(2), Value::from(3)]) //Array json!({"nested_key": "nested_value"})
    // body.insert(String::from("name"),json!("测试集群"));
    // body.insert(String::from("region_id"),json!("cn-beijing"));
    // body.insert(String::from("cluster_type"),json!("ExternalKubernetes"));
    // body.insert(String::from("vpcid"),json!("vpc-2zeou1uod4ylaXXXXXXXX"));
    // body.insert(String::from("container_cidr"),json!("10.0.0.0/8"));
    // body.insert(String::from("service_cidr"),json!("10.2.0.0/24"));
    // body.insert(String::from("security_group_id"),json!("sg-2ze1a0rlgeo7XXXXXXXX"));
    // body.insert(String::from("vswitch_ids"),json!(vec!["vsw-2zei30dhfldu8XXXXXXXX"]));

    // ROA接口GET请求   API:DeleteCluster  查询指定集群的关联资源
    // let host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"; // endpoint
    // // 拼接资源路径
    // let uri = format!("/clusters/{}/resources", percent_code("c1311ba68f3af45f39ee3f4d2XXXXXXXX").as_ref()); 
    // let canonical_uri = uri.as_str(); // 资源路径  转化为&Str类型
    // let action = "DescribeClusterResources";   // API名称
    // let version = "2015-12-15"; // API版本号
    // // 设置查询参数
    // let query_params = &[("with_addon_resources", if true { "true" } else { "false" })];  // "true" or "false"

    // ROA接口DELETE请求   API:DeleteCluster  DELETE请求删除一个按量付费的集群
    // let host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com";
    // let uri = format!("/clusters/{}", percent_code("c72b778e79d3647cdb95c8b86XXXXXXXX").as_ref()); 
    // let canonical_uri = uri.as_str(); // 资源路径转化为&Str类型
    // let action = "DeleteCluster";
    // let version = "2015-12-15";

    // 调用接口
    match call_api(
        client.clone(),
        Method::POST,                                               // 请求方法：GET，DELETE，PUT，POST
        host,                                                       // endpoint
        canonical_uri,                                              // 资源路径
        // &[],                                                        // 当查询参数为空时，query_params 设置为  &[]
        query_params,                                            // 当查询参数不为空时， query_params 设置为 &[("K", "V")]
        action,                                                 
        version,
        RequestBody:: None,                                      // 当body参数类型为空时，使用 RequestBody:: None 设置为 None；
        // RequestBody::Json(body),                                 // 当body参数类型为Map时，使用 RequestBody::Json 传递 Map
        // RequestBody::Binary(binary_data),                           // 当body参数类型为二进制时，使用 RequestBody::Binary 传递二进制数据
        // RequestBody::FormData(body),                                // 当body参数类型为 formDate 时，使用 RequestBody::FormData 传递 FormData
        access_key_id,
        access_key_secret,
    )
    .await {
        Ok(response) => println!("响应信息: {}", response),
        Err(error) => eprintln!("异常: {}", error),
    }
}

Shell脚本示例

#!/bin/bash

accessKey_id="<YOUR-ACCESSKEY-ID>"
accessKey_secret="<YOUR-ACCESSKEY-SECRET>"
algorithm="ACS3-HMAC-SHA256"

# 请求参数 --这部分内容需要根据实际情况修改
httpMethod="POST"
host="dns.aliyuncs.com"
queryParam=("DomainName=example.com" "RRKeyWord=@")
action="DescribeDomainRecords"
version="2015-01-09"
canonicalURI="/"
# body类型参数或者formdata类型参数通过body传参
# body类型参数：body的值为json字符串： "{'key1':'value1','key2':'value2'}"，且需在签名header中添加content-type:application/json; charset=utf-8
# body类型参数是二进制文件时：body无需修改，只需在签名header中添加content-type:application/octet-stream，并在curl_command中添加--data-binary参数
# formdata类型参数：body参数格式："key1=value1&key2=value2"，且需在签名header中添加content-type:application/x-www-form-urlencoded
body=""

# 按照ISO 8601标准表示的UTC时间
utc_timestamp=$(date +%s)
utc_date=$(date -u -d @${utc_timestamp} +"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ") 
# x-acs-signature-nonce 随机数
random=$(uuidgen | sed 's/-//g') 

# 签名header
headers="host:${host}
x-acs-action:${action}
x-acs-version:${version}
x-acs-date:${utc_date}
x-acs-signature-nonce:${random}"

# URL编码函数
urlencode() {
    local string="${1}"
    local strlen=${#string}
    local encoded=""
    local pos c o

    for (( pos=0 ; pos<strlen ; pos++ )); do
        c=${string:$pos:1}
        case "$c" in
            [-_.~a-zA-Z0-9] ) o="${c}" ;;
            * )               printf -v o '%%%02X' "'$c"
        esac
        encoded+="${o}"
    done
    echo "${encoded}"
}

# 步骤 1：拼接规范请求串
# 将queryParam中的参数全部平铺
newQueryParam=()

# 遍历每一个原始参数
for param in "${queryParam[@]}"; do
    # 检查是否包含等号，以确定是键值对
    if [[ "$param" == *"="* ]]; then
        # 分割键和值
        IFS='=' read -r key value <<< "$param"

        # 对值进行URL编码
        value=$(urlencode "$value")

        # 检查值是否为一个列表（通过查找括号）
        if [[ "$value" =~ ^\(.+\)$ ]]; then
            # 去掉两边的括号
            value="${value:1:-1}"

            # 使用IFS分割值列表
            IFS=' ' read -ra values <<< "$value"

            # 对于每个值添加索引
            index=1
            for val in "${values[@]}"; do
                # 去除双引号
                val="${val%\"}"
                val="${val#\"}"

                # 添加到新数组
                newQueryParam+=("$key.$index=$val")
                ((index++))
            done
        else
            # 如果不是列表，则直接添加
            newQueryParam+=("$key=$value")
        fi
    else
        # 如果没有等号，直接保留原样
        newQueryParam+=("$param")
    fi
done

# 处理并排序新的查询参数
sortedParams=()
declare -A paramsMap
for param in "${newQueryParam[@]}"; do
    IFS='=' read -r key value <<< "$param"
    paramsMap["$key"]="$value"
done
# 根据键排序
for key in $(echo ${!paramsMap[@]} | tr ' ' '\n' | sort); do
    sortedParams+=("$key=${paramsMap[$key]}")
done

# 1.1 拼接规范化查询字符串
canonicalQueryString=""
first=true
for item in "${sortedParams[@]}"; do
    [ "$first" = true ] && first=false || canonicalQueryString+="&"
    # 检查是否存在等号
    if [[ "$item" == *=* ]]; then
        canonicalQueryString+="$item"
    else
        canonicalQueryString+="$item="
    fi
done

# 1.2 处理请求体
hashedRequestPayload=$(echo -n "$body" | openssl dgst -sha256 | awk '{print $2}')
headers="${headers}
x-acs-content-sha256:$hashedRequestPayload"

# 1.3 构造规范化请求头
canonicalHeaders=$(echo "$headers" | grep -E '^(host|content-type|x-acs-)' | while read line; do
    key=$(echo "$line" | cut -d':' -f1 | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
    value=$(echo "$line" | cut -d':' -f2-)
    echo "${key}:${value}"
done | sort | tr '\n' '\n')

signedHeaders=$(echo "$headers" | grep -E '^(host|content-type|x-acs-)' | while read line; do
    key=$(echo "$line" | cut -d':' -f1 | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
    echo "$key"
done | sort | tr '\n' ';' | sed 's/;$//')

# 1.4 构造规范请求
canonicalRequest="${httpMethod}\n${canonicalURI}\n${canonicalQueryString}\n${canonicalHeaders}\n\n${signedHeaders}\n${hashedRequestPayload}"
echo -e "canonicalRequest=${canonicalRequest}"
echo "+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++"

str=$(echo "$canonicalRequest" | sed 's/%/%%/g')
hashedCanonicalRequest=$(printf "${str}" | openssl sha256 -hex | awk '{print $2}')
# 步骤 2：构造签名字符串
stringToSign="${algorithm}\n${hashedCanonicalRequest}"
echo -e "stringToSign=$stringToSign"
echo "+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++"

# 步骤 3：计算签名
signature=$(printf "${stringToSign}" | openssl dgst -sha256 -hmac "${accessKey_secret}" | sed 's/^.* //')
echo -e "signature=${signature}"
echo "+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++"

# 步骤 4：构造Authorization
authorization="${algorithm} Credential=${accessKey_id},SignedHeaders=${signedHeaders},Signature=${signature}"
echo -e "authorization=${authorization}"

# 构造 curl 命令
url="https://$host$canonicalURI"
curl_command="curl -X $httpMethod '$url?$canonicalQueryString'"

# 添加请求头
IFS=$'\n'  # 设置换行符为新的IFS
for header in $headers; do
    curl_command="$curl_command -H '$header'"
done
curl_command+=" -H 'Authorization:$authorization'"
# body类型参数是二进制文件时，需要注释掉下面这行代码
curl_command+=" -d '$body'"
# body类型参数是二进制文件时，需要放开下面这行代码的注释
#curl_command+=" --data-binary @"/root/001.png" "

echo "$curl_command"
# 执行 curl 命令
eval "$curl_command"

C语言示例

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <openssl/hmac.h>
#include <openssl/evp.h>
#include <openssl/sha.h>
#include <openssl/rand.h>
#include <curl/curl.h>

// getenv()表示通过环境变量获取Access Key ID和Access Key Secret
#define ACCESS_KEY_ID getenv("ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID");
#define ACCESS_KEY_SECRET getenv("ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_SECRET");
#define ALGORITHM "ACS3-HMAC-SHA256"

#define BUFFER_SIZE 4096


// HMAC-SHA256计算
void hmac256(const char *key, const char *message, char *output) {
    unsigned char hmac[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH];
    unsigned int result_len;

    // 计算 HMAC
    HMAC(EVP_sha256(), key, strlen(key), (unsigned char *)message, strlen(message), hmac, &result_len);

    // 将 HMAC 转换为十六进制字符串输出
    for (int i = 0; i < SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH; ++i) {
        sprintf(output + (i * 2), "%02x", hmac[i]);
    }
    output[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH * 2] = '\0';
}

// 计算 SHA-256 哈希
void sha256_hex(const char *input, char *output) {
    unsigned char hash[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH];
    SHA256((unsigned char *)input, strlen(input), hash);

    for (int i = 0; i < SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH; ++i) {
        sprintf(output + (i * 2), "%02x", hash[i]);
    }
    output[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH * 2] = '\0';
}

// URL编码
char* percentEncode(const char* str) {
    if (str == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "输入字符串不可为null\n");
        return NULL;
    }

    size_t len = strlen(str);
    // 最坏情况下，每个字符都需要被编码为3个字符（%XX），所以分配的空间为3倍
    char* encoded = (char*)malloc(len * 3 + 1);
    if (encoded == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "内存分配失败\n");
        return NULL;
    }

    char* ptr = encoded;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        unsigned char c = (unsigned char)str[i];
        if (isalnum(c) || c == '-' || c == '_' || c == '.' || c == '~') {
            // 如果字符是安全的，可以直接添加
            *ptr++ = c;
        } else {
            // 否则，进行URL编码
            ptr += sprintf(ptr, "%%%02X", c);
        }
    }
    *ptr = '\0'; // 以null字符结尾

    // 处理加号的替换
    char* finalEncoded = malloc(strlen(encoded) + 1);
    if (finalEncoded) {
        char* fptr = finalEncoded;
        for (size_t j = 0; j < strlen(encoded); j++) {
            if (encoded[j] == '+') {
                strcpy(fptr, "%20");
                fptr += 3; // 移动指针
            } else if (encoded[j] == '*') {
                strcpy(fptr, "%2A");
                fptr += 3;
            } else if (encoded[j] == '~') {
                *fptr++ = '~';
            } else {
                *fptr++ = encoded[j];
            }
        }
        *fptr = '\0'; // 以null字符结尾
    }

    free(encoded); // 释放临时编码的空间
    return finalEncoded;
}

// nonce随机数
void generate_uuid(char *uuid, size_t size) {
    if (size < 37) { // UUID格式需要36个字符+结束符
        fprintf(stderr, "Buffer size too small for UUID\n");
        return;
    }
    // 使用随机数生成器生成16个随机字节
    unsigned char random_bytes[16];
    RAND_bytes(random_bytes, sizeof(random_bytes));
    // 有效版本是4，用于随机生成的UUID
    random_bytes[6] &= 0x0f; // 保留高4位
    random_bytes[6] |= 0x40; // 将版本设置为4
    random_bytes[8] &= 0x3f; // 保留高2位
    random_bytes[8] |= 0x80; // 将变体设置为10xx

    // 格式化为UUID字符串
    snprintf(uuid, size,
             "%02x%02x%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x-%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x%02x",
             random_bytes[0], random_bytes[1], random_bytes[2], random_bytes[3],
             random_bytes[4], random_bytes[5], random_bytes[6], random_bytes[7],
             random_bytes[8], random_bytes[9], random_bytes[10], random_bytes[11],
             random_bytes[12], random_bytes[13], random_bytes[14], random_bytes[15]);
}

// 二进制读取文件
size_t read_file(const char *file_path, char **buffer) {
    FILE *file = fopen(file_path, "rb");
    if (!file) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open file %s\n", file_path);
        return 0; // 读取失败
    }

    fseek(file, 0, SEEK_END);
    size_t file_size = ftell(file);
    fseek(file, 0, SEEK_SET);

    *buffer = (char *)malloc(file_size);
    if (!*buffer) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate memory for file buffer\n");
        fclose(file);
        return 0; // 读取失败
    }

    fread(*buffer, 1, file_size, file);
    fclose(file);
    return file_size; // 返回读取的字节数
}

// 获取 authorization
void get_authorization(const char *http_method, const char *canonical_uri, const char *host,
                       const char *x_acs_action, const char *x_acs_version, const char *query_params,
                       const char *body, char *authorization_header,
                        char *hashed_payload, char *x_acs_date, char *uuid) {

    // 生成UUID
    generate_uuid(uuid, 37);

    // 生成x-acs-date
    time_t now = time(NULL);
    struct tm *utc_time = gmtime(&now);
    strftime(x_acs_date, 64, "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ", utc_time); 
    // 打印时间戳
    printf("Generated x-acs-date: %s\n", x_acs_date);


    // 计算请求体的 SHA-256 哈希 (即 x-acs-content-sha256)
    sha256_hex(body ? body : "", hashed_payload);
    // 打印哈希值
    printf("Generated x-acs-content-sha256: %s\n", hashed_payload);


    char canonical_headers[BUFFER_SIZE];
    snprintf(canonical_headers, sizeof(canonical_headers),
             "host:%s\nx-acs-action:%s\nx-acs-content-sha256:%s\nx-acs-date:%s\nx-acs-signature-nonce:%s\nx-acs-version:%s",
              host, x_acs_action, hashed_payload, x_acs_date, uuid, x_acs_version);
    // 打印规范化的请求头
    printf("Canonical Headers:===============>\n%s\n", canonical_headers);

    // 签名字段
    char signed_headers[] = "host;x-acs-action;x-acs-content-sha256;x-acs-date;x-acs-signature-nonce;x-acs-version";


    char canonical_request[BUFFER_SIZE];
    snprintf(canonical_request, sizeof(canonical_request), "%s\n%s\n%s\n%s\n\n%s\n%s",
             http_method, canonical_uri, query_params ? strdup(query_params) : "", // 使用percentCode
             canonical_headers, signed_headers, hashed_payload);
    // 打印规范化请求
    printf("Canonical Request:\n%s\n", canonical_request);

    // 计算规范化请求的SHA-256哈希
    char hashed_canonical_request[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH * 2 + 1];
    sha256_hex(canonical_request, hashed_canonical_request);
    // 打印哈希后的规范化请求
    printf("hashedCanonicalRequest: %s\n", hashed_canonical_request);

    // 构建待签名字符串
    char string_to_sign[BUFFER_SIZE];
    snprintf(string_to_sign, sizeof(string_to_sign), "%s\n%s", ALGORITHM, hashed_canonical_request);
    // 打印待签名字符串
    printf("stringToSign:\n%s\n", string_to_sign);

    // 计算签名
    char signature[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH * 2 + 1];
    hmac256(ACCESS_KEY_SECRET, string_to_sign, signature);
    // 打印签名
    printf("Signature: %s\n", signature);


    // 构建最终的 Authorization 头，包含 SignedHeaders
    snprintf(authorization_header, BUFFER_SIZE,
             "%s Credential=%s,SignedHeaders=%s,Signature=%s",
             ALGORITHM, ACCESS_KEY_ID, signed_headers, signature);
    // 打印 Authorization
    printf("Authorization: %s\n", authorization_header);
}

// 发送请求
void call_api(const char *http_method, const char *canonical_uri, const char *host,
              const char *x_acs_action, const char *x_acs_version, const char *query_params,
              const char *body,const char *content_type, size_t body_length) {
    // 获取签名所需的参数值
    char authorization_header[BUFFER_SIZE];
    char hashed_payload[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH * 2 + 1];
    char x_acs_date[64];
    char uuid[37];

    // 获取授权头
    get_authorization(http_method, canonical_uri, host, x_acs_action, x_acs_version, query_params, body, authorization_header, hashed_payload, x_acs_date, uuid);

    // 拼接请求路径 URL
    char url[BUFFER_SIZE];
    if (query_params && strlen(query_params) > 0) {
        snprintf(url, sizeof(url), "https://%s%s?%s", host, canonical_uri, query_params);
    } else {
        snprintf(url, sizeof(url), "https://%s%s", host, canonical_uri);
    }
    // 打印请求url
    printf("Request URL: %s\n", url);

    // 初始化cURL
    CURL *curl = curl_easy_init();
    if(!curl) {
        fprintf(stderr, "curl_easy_init() failed\n");
        return;
    }

    // 定义数组用于添加请求头
    struct curl_slist *headers = NULL;
    // 创建字符数组以存储请求头并添加 headers
    char header_value[BUFFER_SIZE];
    // 添加headers信息
    snprintf(header_value, sizeof(header_value), "Content-Type: %s", content_type);
    headers = curl_slist_append(headers, header_value);
    snprintf(header_value, sizeof(header_value), "Authorization: %s", authorization_header);
    headers = curl_slist_append(headers, header_value);
    snprintf(header_value, sizeof(header_value), "host: %s", host);
    headers = curl_slist_append(headers, header_value);
    snprintf(header_value, sizeof(header_value), "x-acs-action: %s", x_acs_action);
    headers = curl_slist_append(headers, header_value);
    snprintf(header_value, sizeof(header_value), "x-acs-content-sha256: %s", hashed_payload);
    headers = curl_slist_append(headers, header_value);
    snprintf(header_value, sizeof(header_value), "x-acs-date: %s", x_acs_date);
    headers = curl_slist_append(headers, header_value);
    snprintf(header_value, sizeof(header_value), "x-acs-signature-nonce: %s", uuid);
    headers = curl_slist_append(headers, header_value);
    snprintf(header_value, sizeof(header_value), "x-acs-version: %s", x_acs_version);
    headers = curl_slist_append(headers, header_value);

    // 设置cURL选项
    // 设置cURL请求方法
    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, http_method); // 设置 HTTP 方法
    // 设置 url
    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, url);
    // 禁用 SSL 验证，（调试）
    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, 0L);
    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST, 0L);
    // 添加调试信息
    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_VERBOSE, 1L);
    // 添加请求头
    curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers);
    // 添加 body 请求体
    if (body) {
        // 设置请求体的大小
        curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDSIZE, body_length); 

        if (strcmp(content_type, "application/octet-stream") == 0) {
            // 添加请求体
            curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, body);
        } else if (strcmp(content_type, "application/x-www-form-urlencoded") == 0) {
            // 添加请求体
            curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, body);
        } else if (strcmp(content_type, "application/json; charset=utf-8") == 0) {
            // 添加请求体
            curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, body);
        }
    }

    // 打印添加的 headers
    struct curl_slist *header_ptr = headers;
    while (header_ptr) {
        printf("Header: %s\n", header_ptr->data);
        header_ptr = header_ptr->next;
    }

    // 执行请求并检查响应
    CURLcode res = curl_easy_perform(curl);
    if (res != CURLE_OK) {
        fprintf(stderr, "curl_easy_perform() failed: %s\n", curl_easy_strerror(res));
        return;
    }

    // 清理
    curl_slist_free_all(headers);
    curl_easy_cleanup(curl);
}

/**
*
     * 签名示例，您需要根据实际情况替换main方法中的示例参数。
     * <p>
     * 通过API元数据获取请求方法（methods）、请求参数名称（name）、请求参数类型（type）、请求参数位置（in），并将参数封装到SignatureRequest中。
     * 1. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in":"query"，通过queryParam传参。
     * 2. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "body"，通过body传参。
     * 2. 请求参数在元数据中显示"in": "formData"，通过body传参。
*/
int main() {
    // 设置响应格式为UTF-8
    SetConsoleOutputCP(CP_UTF8);
    srand((unsigned int)time(NULL));

    /**
      * RPC接口请求示例：请求参数"in":"query"
    */
    // 定义API请求参数
    const char *http_method = "POST";
    const char *canonical_uri = "/";
    const char *host = "ecs.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com";
    const char *x_acs_action = "DescribeInstanceStatus";
    const char *x_acs_version = "2014-05-26";
    // 定义参数 InstanceId 数组 InstanceId为 可选参数
    const char *instance_ids[] = {
        "i-bp11ht4h2kd1ic5fXXXX",
        "i-bp16maz3h3xg83raXXXX"
    };
    // 拼接InstanceId数组
    char InstanceId[BUFFER_SIZE];
    snprintf(InstanceId, sizeof(InstanceId),
             "InstanceId.1=%s&InstanceId.2=%s",
             percentEncode(instance_ids[0]),
             percentEncode(instance_ids[1]));
    // 定义查询参数 必填参数 ：RegionId=cn-hangzhou    const char *query_params = "RegionId=cn-hangzhou";
    char query_params[BUFFER_SIZE];
    snprintf(query_params, sizeof(query_params),
             "%s&RegionId=cn-hangzhou", InstanceId);
    // 打印参数
    printf("Query Params: %s\n", query_params);
    // body 为空
    const char *body = "";
    const char *content_type = "application/json; charset=utf-8";
    call_api(http_method, canonical_uri, host, x_acs_action, x_acs_version, query_params, body, content_type, strlen(body));


      /**
        * RPC接口请求示例：请求参数"in":"body"
      */
      // 声明存储读取的文件内容的指针
//    char *body = NULL;
//    // 获取文件长度
//    size_t body_length = read_file("C:\\Users\\issuser\\Desktop\\img\\001.png", &body);
//
//    if (body_length > 0) {
//        const char *http_method = "POST";
//        const char *canonical_uri = "/";
//        const char *host = "ocr-api.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com";
//        const char *x_acs_action = "RecognizeGeneral";
//        const char *x_acs_version = "2021-07-07";
//        // 定义查询参数
//        const char *query_params = "";
//        const char *content_type = "application/octet-stream";
//
//        // 调用 API
//        call_api(http_method, canonical_uri, host, x_acs_action, x_acs_version, query_params, body, content_type, body_length);
//
//        // 释放分配的内存
//        free(body);
//    } else {
//        fprintf(stderr, "File read error\n");
//    }

      /**
       * RPC接口请求示例：请求参数"in": "formData"
       */
//    const char *http_method = "POST";
//    const char *canonical_uri = "/";
//    const char *host = "mt.aliyuncs.com";
//    const char *x_acs_action = "TranslateGeneral";
//    const char *x_acs_version = "2018-10-12";
//    // formdate类型，编码查询参数的Value
//    // 定义查询参数 Context="早上"
//    char query_params[BUFFER_SIZE];
//    snprintf(query_params, sizeof(query_params), "Context=%s", percentEncode("早上"));
//
//    // 定义formdate类型参数的value值
//    const char *format_type = "text";
//    const char *source_language = "zh";
//    const char *target_language = "en";
//    const char *source_text = "你好";
//    const char *scene = "general";
//    // body 为 formdate类型 构建表单数据字符串，进行编码
//    char body[BUFFER_SIZE];
//    snprintf(body, sizeof(body),
//            "FormatType=%s&SourceLanguage=%s&TargetLanguage=%s&SourceText=%s&Scene=%s",
//            percentEncode(format_type), percentEncode(source_language), percentEncode(target_language),
//            percentEncode(source_text), percentEncode(scene));
//    const char *content_type = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded";
//    printf("formdate_body: %s\n", body);
//    call_api(http_method, canonical_uri, host, x_acs_action, x_acs_version, query_params, body, content_type, strlen(body));

      /**
        * ROA接口POST请求
      */
//    const char *http_method = "POST";
//    const char *canonical_uri = "/clusters";
//    const char *host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com";
//    const char *x_acs_action = "CreateCluster";
//    const char *x_acs_version = "2015-12-15";
//    // 定义查询参数
//    const char *query_params = "";
//    // body 为json类型
//    // 构建JSON格式的请求体
//    char body[BUFFER_SIZE];
//    snprintf(body, sizeof(body),
//             "{\"name\":\"%s\",\"region_id\":\"%s\",\"cluster_type\":\"%s\","
//             "\"vpcid\":\"%s\",\"container_cidr\":\"%s\","
//             "\"service_cidr\":\"%s\",\"security_group_id\":\"%s\","
//             "\"vswitch_ids\":[\"%s\"]}",
//             "测试集群", "cn-beijing", "ExternalKubernetes",
//             "vpc-2zeou1uod4ylaf35tXXXX", "10.0.0.0/8",
//             "10.2.0.0/24", "sg-2ze1a0rlgeo7dj37XXXX",
//             "vsw-2zei30dhfldu8ytmtXXXX");
//    // 打印请求体
//    printf("Request Body: %s\n", body);
//    const char *content_type = "application/json; charset=utf-8";
//    // 发送请求
//    call_api(http_method, canonical_uri, host, x_acs_action, x_acs_version, query_params, body, content_type, strlen(body));

      /**
        * ROA接口GET请求
      */
//    const char *http_method = "GET";
//    // 拼接url  拼接请求参数  canonical_uri：/clusters/cluster_id/resources
//    char canonical_uri[BUFFER_SIZE];
//    snprintf(canonical_uri, sizeof(canonical_uri), "/clusters/%s/resources", percentEncode("cd1f5ba0dbfa144c69e48b75df47bXXXX"));
//    // 打印资源路径
//    printf("canonical_uri: %s\n", canonical_uri);
//
//    const char *host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com";
//    const char *x_acs_action = "DescribeClusterResources";
//    const char *x_acs_version = "2015-12-15";
//    // 定义查询参数
//    const char *query_params = "with_addon_resources=true";
//    // 定义body
//    const char *body = "";
//    const char *content_type = "";
//    call_api(http_method, canonical_uri, host, x_acs_action, x_acs_version, query_params, body, content_type, strlen(body));


      /**
        *  ROA接口DELETE请求
      */
//    const char *http_method = "DELETE";
//    // 拼接url  拼接请求参数  canonical_uri：/clusters/cluster_id
//    char canonical_uri[BUFFER_SIZE];
//    snprintf(canonical_uri, sizeof(canonical_uri), "/clusters/%s", percentEncode("cd1f5ba0dbfa144c69e48b75df47bXXXX"));
//    // 打印资源路径
//    printf("canonical_uri: %s\n", canonical_uri);

//    const char *host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com";
//    const char *x_acs_action = "DeleteCluster";
//    const char *x_acs_version = "2015-12-15";
//    // 定义查询参数
//    const char *query_params = "";
//    // 定义body
//    const char *body = "";
//    const char *content_type = "";
//    call_api(http_method, canonical_uri, host, x_acs_action, x_acs_version, query_params, body, content_type, strlen(body));


    // 变量存储生成的值
    char authorization_header[BUFFER_SIZE];
    char hashed_payload[SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH * 2 + 1];
    char x_acs_date[64];
    char uuid[37];

    return 0;
}