阿里云SDK：V3版本请求体&签名机制

Java示例

运行Java示例，需要您在pom.xml中添加以下Maven依赖。

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
    <artifactId>httpclient</artifactId>
    <version>4.5.13</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
     <groupId>com.google.code.gson</groupId>
     <artifactId>gson</artifactId>
     <version>2.9.0</version>
 </dependency>

import com.google.gson.Gson;
import com.google.gson.GsonBuilder;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.*;
import org.apache.http.client.utils.URIBuilder;
import org.apache.http.entity.StringEntity;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
import org.apache.http.entity.ContentType;

import javax.crypto.Mac;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
import javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.net.URISyntaxException;
import java.net.URLEncoder;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.*;

/**
 * signature demo
 */
public class SignatureDemo {

    /**
     * 日期格式化工具，用于将日期时间字符串格式化为"yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss'Z'"的格式。
     */
    private static final SimpleDateFormat SDF = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss'Z'");

    private static class Request {
        // HTTP Method
        private final String httpMethod;
        // 请求路径，当资源路径为空时，使用正斜杠(/)作为CanonicalURI
        private final String canonicalUri;
        // endpoint
        private final String host;
        // API name
        private final String xAcsAction;
        // API version
        private final String xAcsVersion;
        // headers
        TreeMap<String, Object> headers = new TreeMap<>();
        // 调用API所需要的参数，参数位置在body。Json字符串
        String body;
        // 调用API所需要的参数，参数位置在query，参数按照参数名的字符代码升序排列
        TreeMap<String, Object> queryParam = new TreeMap<>();

        public Request(String httpMethod, String canonicalUri, String host, String xAcsAction, String xAcsVersion) {
            this.httpMethod = httpMethod;
            this.canonicalUri = canonicalUri;
            this.host = host;
            this.xAcsAction = xAcsAction;
            this.xAcsVersion = xAcsVersion;
            initHeader();
        }

        // init headers
        private void initHeader() {
            headers.put("host", host);
            headers.put("x-acs-action", xAcsAction);
            headers.put("x-acs-version", xAcsVersion);
            SDF.setTimeZone(new SimpleTimeZone(0, "GMT")); // 设置日期格式化时区为GMT
            headers.put("x-acs-date", SDF.format(new Date()));
            headers.put("x-acs-signature-nonce", UUID.randomUUID().toString());
        }
    }

    /**
     * 这里通过环境变量获取Access Key ID和Access Key Secret，
     */
    private final static String ACCESS_KEY_ID = System.getenv("ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID");
    private final static String ACCESS_KEY_SECRET = System.getenv("ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_SECRET");

    /**
     * 签名协议
     */
    private static final String ALGORITHM = "ACS3-HMAC-SHA256";

    /**
     * 通过给定的参数构建请求，并进行签名认证，最终发起请求
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // RPC接口请求
        String httpMethod = "POST"; // 请求方式，大部分RPC接口同时支持POST和GET，此处以POST为例
        String canonicalUri = "/"; // RPC接口无资源路径，故使用正斜杠（/）作为CanonicalURI
        String host = "ecs.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com";  // endpoint
        String xAcsAction = "DescribeInstanceStatus";  // API名称
        String xAcsVersion = "2014-05-26"; // API版本号
        Request request = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);
        // 调用API所需要的参数，参数按照参数名的字符代码升序排列，具有重复名称的参数应按值进行排序。
        request.queryParam.put("RegionId", "cn-hangzhou"); // RegionId的参数类型是String
        String[] instanceIds = {"i-bp10igfmnyttXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX"};
        request.queryParam.put("InstanceId", Arrays.asList(instanceIds)); // InstanceId的参数类型是array

        /*// ROA接口POST请求
        String httpMethod = "POST";
        String canonicalUri = "/clusters";
        String host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"; // endpoint
        String xAcsAction= "CreateCluster"; // API名称
        String xAcsVersion=  "2015-12-15"; // API版本号
        Request request = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);
        // 请求body，通过Gson将body转成JSON字符串，以下参数仅做示例
        TreeMap<String, Object> body = new TreeMap<>();
        body.put("name", "testDemo");
        body.put("region_id", "cn-beijing");
        body.put("cluster_type", "ManagedKubernetes");
        body.put("vpcid", "vpc-2zeo42r27y4opXXXXXXXX");
        body.put("service_cidr", "172.16.1.0/20");
        body.put("security_group_id", "sg-2zec0dm6qi66XXXXXXXX");
        Gson gson = (new GsonBuilder()).disableHtmlEscaping().create();
        request.body = gson.toJson(body);
        request.headers.put("content-type", "application/json; charset=utf-8");*/

        /*// ROA接口GET请求
        String httpMethod = "GET";
        // canonicalUri如果存在path参数，需要对path参数encode，percentCode({path参数})
        String canonicalUri = "/clusters/" + percentCode("cb7cd6b9bde934f6193801878XXXXXXXX") + "/resources";
        String host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"; // endpoint
        String xAcsAction = "DescribeClusterResources"; // API名称
        String xAcsVersion = "2015-12-15"; // API版本号
        Request request = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);
        request.queryParam.put("with_addon_resources", true);*/

        /*// ROA接口DELETE请求
        String httpMethod = "DELETE";
        String canonicalUri = "/clusters/" + percentCode("cb7cd6b9bde934f6193801878XXXXXXXX");
        String host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com";
        String xAcsAction = "DeleteCluster";
        String xAcsVersion = "2015-12-15";
        Request request = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);*/

        // 签名过程
        getAuthorization(request);
        // 调用API
        callApi(request);
    }

    private static void callApi(Request request) {
        try {
            // 通过HttpClient发送请求
            String url = "https://" + request.host + request.canonicalUri;
            URIBuilder uriBuilder = new URIBuilder(url);
            // 添加请求参数
            for (Map.Entry<String, Object> entry : request.queryParam.entrySet()) {
                uriBuilder.addParameter(entry.getKey(), String.valueOf(entry.getValue()));
            }
            System.out.println(uriBuilder.build());
            HttpUriRequest httpRequest;
            switch (request.httpMethod) {
                case "GET":
                    httpRequest = new HttpGet(uriBuilder.build());
                    break;
                case "POST":
                    HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(uriBuilder.build());
                    if (request.body != null) {
                        httpPost.setEntity(new StringEntity(request.body, ContentType.APPLICATION_JSON));
                    }
                    httpRequest = httpPost;
                    break;
                case "DELETE":
                    httpRequest = new HttpDelete(uriBuilder.build());
                    break;
                default:
                    System.out.println("Unsupported HTTP method: " + request.body);
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unsupported HTTP method");
            }

            // 添加http请求头
            for (Map.Entry<String, Object> entry : request.headers.entrySet()) {
                httpRequest.addHeader(entry.getKey(), String.valueOf(entry.getValue()));
            }
            // 发送请求
            try (CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault(); CloseableHttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpRequest)) {
                String result = EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity(), "UTF-8");
                System.out.println(result);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                // 异常处理
                System.out.println("Failed to send request");
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        } catch (URISyntaxException e) {
            // 异常处理
            System.out.println("Invalid URI syntax");
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    /**
     * 该方法用于根据传入的HTTP请求方法、规范化的URI、查询参数等，计算并生成授权信息。
     */
    private static void getAuthorization(Request request) {
        try {
            // 处理queryParam中参数值为List、Map类型的参数，将参数平铺
            TreeMap<String, Object> newQueryParam = new TreeMap<>();
            processObject(newQueryParam, "", request.queryParam);
            request.queryParam = newQueryParam;
            // 步骤 1：拼接规范请求串
            // 请求参数，当请求的查询字符串为空时，使用空字符串作为规范化查询字符串
            StringBuilder canonicalQueryString = new StringBuilder();
            request.queryParam.entrySet().stream().map(entry -> percentCode(entry.getKey()) + "=" + percentCode(String.valueOf(entry.getValue()))).forEachOrdered(queryPart -> {
                // 如果canonicalQueryString已经不是空的，则在查询参数前添加"&"
                if (canonicalQueryString.length() > 0) {
                    canonicalQueryString.append("&");
                }
                canonicalQueryString.append(queryPart);
            });
            // 请求体，当请求正文为空时，比如GET请求，RequestPayload固定为空字符串
            String requestPayload = "";
            if (request.body != null) {
                requestPayload = request.body;
            }

            // 计算请求体的哈希值
            String hashedRequestPayload = sha256Hex(requestPayload);
            request.headers.put("x-acs-content-sha256", hashedRequestPayload);
            // 构造请求头，多个规范化消息头，按照消息头名称（小写）的字符代码顺序以升序排列后拼接在一起
            StringBuilder canonicalHeaders = new StringBuilder();
            // 已签名消息头列表，多个请求头名称（小写）按首字母升序排列并以英文分号（;）分隔
            StringBuilder signedHeadersSb = new StringBuilder();
            request.headers.entrySet().stream().filter(entry -> entry.getKey().toLowerCase().startsWith("x-acs-") || entry.getKey().equalsIgnoreCase("host") || entry.getKey().equalsIgnoreCase("content-type")).sorted(Map.Entry.comparingByKey()).forEach(entry -> {
                String lowerKey = entry.getKey().toLowerCase();
                String value = String.valueOf(entry.getValue()).trim();
                canonicalHeaders.append(lowerKey).append(":").append(value).append("\n");
                signedHeadersSb.append(lowerKey).append(";");
            });
            String signedHeaders = signedHeadersSb.substring(0, signedHeadersSb.length() - 1);
            String canonicalRequest = request.httpMethod + "\n" + request.canonicalUri + "\n" + canonicalQueryString + "\n" + canonicalHeaders + "\n" + signedHeaders + "\n" + hashedRequestPayload;
            System.out.println("canonicalRequest=========>\n" + canonicalRequest);

            // 步骤 2：拼接待签名字符串
            String hashedCanonicalRequest = sha256Hex(canonicalRequest); // 计算规范化请求的哈希值
            String stringToSign = ALGORITHM + "\n" + hashedCanonicalRequest;
            System.out.println("stringToSign=========>\n" + stringToSign);

            // 步骤 3：计算签名
            String signature = DatatypeConverter.printHexBinary(hmac256(ACCESS_KEY_SECRET.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), stringToSign)).toLowerCase();
            System.out.println("signature=========>" + signature);

            // 步骤 4：拼接 Authorization
            String authorization = ALGORITHM + " " + "Credential=" + ACCESS_KEY_ID + ",SignedHeaders=" + signedHeaders + ",Signature=" + signature;
            System.out.println("authorization=========>" + authorization);
            request.headers.put("Authorization", authorization);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            // 异常处理
            System.out.println("Failed to get authorization");
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    /**
     * 递归处理对象，将复杂对象（如Map和List）展开为平面的键值对
     *
     * @param map   原始的键值对集合，将被递归地更新
     * @param key   当前处理的键，随着递归的深入，键会带有嵌套路径信息
     * @param value 对应于键的值，可以是嵌套的Map、List或其他类型
     */
    private static void processObject(Map<String, Object> map, String key, Object value) {
        // 如果值为空，则无需进一步处理
        if (value == null) {
            return;
        }
        if (key == null) {
            key = "";
        }
        // 当值为List类型时，遍历List中的每个元素，并递归处理
        if (value instanceof List<?>) {
            List<?> list = (List<?>) value;
            for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); ++i) {
                processObject(map, key + "." + (i + 1), list.get(i));
            }
        } else if (value instanceof Map<?, ?>) {
            // 当值为Map类型时，遍历Map中的每个键值对，并递归处理
            Map<?, ?> subMap = (Map<?, ?>) value;
            for (Map.Entry<?, ?> entry : subMap.entrySet()) {
                processObject(map, key + "." + entry.getKey().toString(), entry.getValue());
            }
        } else {
            // 对于以"."开头的键，移除开头的"."以保持键的连续性
            if (key.startsWith(".")) {
                key = key.substring(1);
            }
            // 对于byte[]类型的值，将其转换为UTF-8编码的字符串
            if (value instanceof byte[]) {
                map.put(key, new String((byte[]) value, StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
            } else {
                // 对于其他类型的值，直接转换为字符串
                map.put(key, String.valueOf(value));
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * 使用HmacSHA256算法生成消息认证码（MAC）。
     *
     * @param secretKey 密钥，用于生成MAC的密钥，必须保密。
     * @param str       需要进行MAC认证的消息。
     * @return 返回使用HmacSHA256算法计算出的消息认证码。
     * @throws Exception 如果初始化MAC或计算MAC过程中遇到错误，则抛出异常。
     */
    public static byte[] hmac256(byte[] secretKey, String str) throws Exception {
        // 实例化HmacSHA256消息认证码生成器
        Mac mac = Mac.getInstance("HmacSHA256");
        // 创建密钥规范，用于初始化MAC生成器
        SecretKeySpec secretKeySpec = new SecretKeySpec(secretKey, mac.getAlgorithm());
        // 初始化MAC生成器
        mac.init(secretKeySpec);
        // 计算消息认证码并返回
        return mac.doFinal(str.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
    }

    /**
     * 使用SHA-256算法计算字符串的哈希值并以十六进制字符串形式返回。
     *
     * @param stringToSign 需要进行SHA-256哈希计算的字符串。
     * @return 计算结果为小写十六进制字符串。
     * @throws Exception 如果在获取SHA-256消息摘要实例时发生错误。
     */
    public static String sha256Hex(String stringToSign) throws Exception {
        // 获取SHA-256消息摘要实例
        MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256");
        // 计算字符串s的SHA-256哈希值
        byte[] d = md.digest(stringToSign.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
        // 将哈希值转换为小写十六进制字符串并返回
        return DatatypeConverter.printHexBinary(d).toLowerCase();
    }

    /**
     * 对指定的字符串进行URL编码。
     * 使用UTF-8编码字符集对字符串进行编码，并对特定的字符进行替换，以符合URL编码规范。
     *
     * @param str 需要进行URL编码的字符串。
     * @return 编码后的字符串。其中，加号"+"被替换为"%20"，星号"*"被替换为"%2A"，波浪号"%7E"被替换为"~"。
     */
    public static String percentCode(String str) {
        if (str == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("输入字符串不可为null");
        }
        try {
            return URLEncoder.encode(str, "UTF-8").replace("+", "%20").replace("*", "%2A").replace("%7E", "~");
        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("UTF-8编码不被支持", e);
        }
    }
}

Python示例

需要您手动安装pytz和requests，请根据您所使用的Python版本在终端（Terminal）执行以下命令。

Python3

pip3 install pytz
pip3 install requests

Python2

pip install pytz
pip install requests

import hashlib
import hmac
import json
import os
import uuid
from collections import OrderedDict
from urllib.parse import urlencode, quote_plus

import pytz
import requests
from datetime import datetime


class Request:
    def __init__(self, http_method, canonical_uri, host, x_acs_action, x_acs_version):
        self.http_method = http_method
        self.canonical_uri = canonical_uri
        self.host = host
        self.x_acs_action = x_acs_action
        self.x_acs_version = x_acs_version
        self.headers = self._init_headers()
        self.query_param = OrderedDict()
        self.body = None

    def _init_headers(self):
        headers = OrderedDict()
        headers['host'] = self.host
        headers['x-acs-action'] = self.x_acs_action
        headers['x-acs-version'] = self.x_acs_version
        current_time = datetime.now(pytz.timezone('Etc/GMT'))
        headers['x-acs-date'] = current_time.strftime('%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ')
        headers['x-acs-signature-nonce'] = str(uuid.uuid4())
        return headers

    def sorted_query_params(self):
        # 对查询参数按名称排序并返回编码后的字符串
        sorted_query_params = sorted(self.query_param.items(), key=lambda item: item[0])
        self.query_param = {k: v for k, v in sorted_query_params}

    def sorted_headers(self):
        # 对请求头按名称排序并返回编码后的字符串
        sorted_headers = sorted(self.headers.items(), key=lambda item: item[0])
        self.headers = {k: v for k, v in sorted_headers}


# 环境变量中获取Access Key ID和Access Key Secret
ACCESS_KEY_ID = os.environ.get('ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID')
ACCESS_KEY_SECRET = os.environ.get('ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_SECRET')

ALGORITHM = 'ACS3-HMAC-SHA256'


def get_authorization(request):
    try:
        new_query_param = OrderedDict()
        process_object(new_query_param, '', request.query_param)
        request.query_param = new_query_param
        # 步骤 1：拼接规范请求串
        canonical_query_string = '&'.join(
            f'{percent_code(quote_plus(k))}={percent_code(quote_plus(str(v)))}' for k, v in request.query_param.items())
        hashed_request_payload = sha256_hex(request.body or '')
        request.headers['x-acs-content-sha256'] = hashed_request_payload
        request.sorted_headers()

        # 构建规范化请求头和已签名消息头列表
        filtered_headers = OrderedDict()
        for k, v in request.headers.items():
            if k.lower().startswith('x-acs-') or k.lower() in ['host', 'content-type']:
                filtered_headers[k.lower()] = v

        canonical_headers = '\n'.join(f'{k}:{v}' for k, v in filtered_headers.items()) + '\n'
        signed_headers = ';'.join(k for k in filtered_headers.keys())

        canonical_request = (f'{request.http_method}\n{request.canonical_uri}\n{canonical_query_string}\n'
                             f'{canonical_headers}\n{signed_headers}\n{hashed_request_payload}')
        print(canonical_request)

        # 步骤 2：拼接待签名字符串
        hashed_canonical_request = sha256_hex(canonical_request)
        string_to_sign = f'{ALGORITHM}\n{hashed_canonical_request}'
        print(string_to_sign)

        # 步骤 3：计算签名
        signature = hmac256(ACCESS_KEY_SECRET.encode('utf-8'), string_to_sign).hex().lower()
        print(signature)

        # 步骤 4：拼接Authorization
        authorization = f'{ALGORITHM} Credential={ACCESS_KEY_ID},SignedHeaders={signed_headers},Signature={signature}'
        print(authorization)
        request.headers['Authorization'] = authorization
    except Exception as e:
        print("Failed to get authorization")
        print(e)


def process_object(result_map, key, value):
    # 如果值为空，则无需进一步处理
    if value is None:
        return

    if key is None:
        key = ""

    # 当值为列表类型时，遍历列表中的每个元素，并递归处理
    if isinstance(value, list):
        for i, item in enumerate(value):
            process_object(result_map, f"{key}.{i + 1}", item)
    elif isinstance(value, dict):
        # 当值为字典类型时，遍历字典中的每个键值对，并递归处理
        for sub_key, sub_value in value.items():
            process_object(result_map, f"{key}.{sub_key}", sub_value)
    else:
        # 对于以"."开头的键，移除开头的"."以保持键的连续性
        if key.startswith("."):
            key = key[1:]

        # 对于字节类型的值，将其转换为UTF-8编码的字符串
        if isinstance(value, bytes):
            result_map[key] = value.decode('utf-8')
        else:
            # 对于其他类型的值，直接转换为字符串
            result_map[key] = str(value)


def hmac256(key, msg):
    return hmac.new(key, msg.encode('utf-8'), hashlib.sha256).digest()


def sha256_hex(s):
    return hashlib.sha256(s.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()


def call_api(request):
    url = f'https://{request.host}{request.canonical_uri}'
    if request.query_param:
        url += '?' + urlencode(request.query_param, doseq=True, safe='*')
    headers = {k: v for k, v in request.headers.items()}
    if request.body:
        data = request.body
    else:
        data = None

    try:
        response = requests.request(method=request.http_method, url=url, headers=headers, data=data)
        response.raise_for_status()
        print(response.text)
    except requests.RequestException as e:
        print("Failed to send request")
        print(e)


def percent_code(encoded_str):
    return encoded_str.replace('+', '%20').replace('*', '%2A').replace('%7E', '~')


if __name__ == "__main__":
    # RPC接口请求
    http_method = "POST"
    canonical_uri = "/"
    host = "ecs.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com"
    x_acs_action = "DescribeInstanceStatus"
    x_acs_version = "2014-05-26"
    request = Request(http_method, canonical_uri, host, x_acs_action, x_acs_version)
    # RegionId的参数类型是String
    request.query_param['RegionId'] = 'cn-hangzhou'
    # InstanceId的参数类型是array
    request.query_param['InstanceId'] = ["i-bp10igfmnyttXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX"]

    # ROA接口POST请求
    # http_method = "POST"
    # canonical_uri = "/clusters"
    # host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"
    # x_acs_action = "CreateCluster"
    # x_acs_version = "2015-12-15"
    # request = Request(http_method, canonical_uri, host, x_acs_action, x_acs_version)
    # body = OrderedDict()
    # body["name"] = "testDemo"
    # body["region_id"] = "cn-beijing"
    # body["cluster_type"] = "Kubernetes"
    # body["vpcid"] = "vpc-2zeo42r27y4opXXXXXXXX"
    # body["service_cidr"] = "172.16.1.0/20"
    # body["security_group_id"] = "sg-2zec0dm6qi66XXXXXXXX"
    # request.body = json.dumps(body, separators=(',', ':'))
    # request.headers["content-type"] = "application/json; charset=utf-8"

    # ROA接口GET请求
    # http_method = "GET"
    # # canonicalUri如果存在path参数，需要对path参数encode，percent_code({path参数})
    # cluster_id_encode = percent_code("cb7cd6b9bde934f6193801878XXXXXXXX")
    # canonical_uri = f"/clusters/{cluster_id_encode}/resources"
    # host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"
    # x_acs_action = "DescribeClusterResources"
    # x_acs_version = "2015-12-15"
    # request = Request(http_method, canonical_uri, host, x_acs_action, x_acs_version)
    # request.query_param['with_addon_resources'] = True

    request.sorted_query_params()
    get_authorization(request)
    call_api(request)

Go示例

需要您在终端（Terminal）执行以下命令：

go get github.com/google/uuid
go get golang.org/x/exp/maps

package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"crypto/hmac"
	"crypto/sha256"
	"encoding/hex"
	"io"
	"os"
	"sort"

	"golang.org/x/exp/maps"

	"fmt"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"github.com/google/uuid"
)

type Request struct {
	httpMethod   string
	canonicalUri string
	host         string
	xAcsAction   string
	xAcsVersion  string
	headers      map[string]string
	body         string
	queryParam   map[string]interface{}
}

func NewRequest(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion string) *Request {
	req := &Request{
		httpMethod:   httpMethod,
		canonicalUri: canonicalUri,
		host:         host,
		xAcsAction:   xAcsAction,
		xAcsVersion:  xAcsVersion,
		headers:      make(map[string]string),
		queryParam:   make(map[string]interface{}),
	}
	req.headers["host"] = host
	req.headers["x-acs-action"] = xAcsAction
	req.headers["x-acs-version"] = xAcsVersion
	req.headers["x-acs-date"] = time.Now().UTC().Format(time.RFC3339)
	req.headers["x-acs-signature-nonce"] = uuid.New().String()
	return req
}

var (
	AccessKeyId     = os.Getenv("ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID")
	AccessKeySecret = os.Getenv("ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_SECRET")
	ALGORITHM       = "ACS3-HMAC-SHA256"
)

func main() {
	// RPC接口请求
	httpMethod := "POST"
	canonicalUri := "/"
	host := "ecs.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com"
	xAcsAction := "DescribeInstanceStatus"
	xAcsVersion := "2014-05-26"
	req := NewRequest(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion)
	req.queryParam["RegionId"] = "cn-hangzhou"
	instanceIds := []interface{}{"i-bp10igfmnyttXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX"}
	req.queryParam["InstanceId"] = instanceIds

	// ROA接口POST请求
	// httpMethod := "POST"
	// canonicalUri := "/clusters"
	// host := "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"
	// xAcsAction := "CreateCluster"
	// xAcsVersion := "2015-12-15"
	// req := NewRequest(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion)
	// body := make(map[string]string)
	// body["name"] = "testDemo"
	// body["region_id"] = "cn-beijing"
	// body["cluster_type"] = "Kubernetes"
	// body["vpcid"] = "vpc-2zeo42r27y4opXXXXXXXX"
	// body["service_cidr"] = "172.16.1.0/20"
	// body["security_group_id"] = "sg-2zec0dm6qi66XXXXXXXX"
	// jsonBytes, err := json.Marshal(body)
	// if err != nil {
	// 	fmt.Println("Error marshaling to JSON:", err)
	// 	return
	// }
	// req.body = string(jsonBytes)
	// req.headers["content-type"] = "application/json; charset=utf-8"

	// ROA接口GET请求
	// httpMethod := "GET"
	// // canonicalUri如果存在path参数，需要对path参数encode，percentCode({path参数})
	// canonicalUri := "/clusters/" + percentCode("cb7cd6b9bde934f6193801878XXXXXXXX") + "/resources"
	// host := "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"
	// xAcsAction := "DescribeClusterResources"
	// xAcsVersion := "2015-12-15"
	// req := NewRequest(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion)
	// req.queryParam["with_addon_resources"] = "true"

	// 签名过程
	getAuthorization(req)
	// 调用API
	err := callAPI(req)
	if err != nil {
		println(err.Error())
	}
}

func callAPI(req *Request) error {
	urlStr := "https://" + req.host + req.canonicalUri
	q := url.Values{}
	keys := maps.Keys(req.queryParam)
	sort.Strings(keys)
	for _, k := range keys {
		v := req.queryParam[k]
		q.Set(k, fmt.Sprintf("%v", v))
	}
	urlStr += "?" + q.Encode()
	fmt.Println(urlStr)

	httpReq, err := http.NewRequest(req.httpMethod, urlStr, strings.NewReader(req.body))
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	for key, value := range req.headers {
		httpReq.Header.Set(key, value)
	}

	client := &http.Client{}
	resp, err := client.Do(httpReq)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer func(Body io.ReadCloser) {
		err := Body.Close()
		if err != nil {
			return
		}
	}(resp.Body)
	var respBuffer bytes.Buffer
	_, err = io.Copy(&respBuffer, resp.Body)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	respBytes := respBuffer.Bytes()
	fmt.Println(string(respBytes))
	return nil
}

func getAuthorization(req *Request) {
	// 处理queryParam中参数值为List、Map类型的参数，将参数平铺
	newQueryParams := make(map[string]interface{})
	processObject(newQueryParams, "", req.queryParam)
	req.queryParam = newQueryParams
	// 步骤 1：拼接规范请求串
	canonicalQueryString := ""
	keys := maps.Keys(req.queryParam)
	sort.Strings(keys)
	for _, k := range keys {
		v := req.queryParam[k]
		canonicalQueryString += percentCode(url.QueryEscape(k)) + "=" + percentCode(url.QueryEscape(fmt.Sprintf("%v", v))) + "&"
	}
	canonicalQueryString = strings.TrimSuffix(canonicalQueryString, "&")
	fmt.Printf("canonicalQueryString========>%s\n", canonicalQueryString)

	hashedRequestPayload := sha256Hex(req.body)
	req.headers["x-acs-content-sha256"] = hashedRequestPayload

	canonicalHeaders := ""
	signedHeaders := ""
	HeadersKeys := maps.Keys(req.headers)
	sort.Strings(HeadersKeys)
	for _, k := range HeadersKeys {
		lowerKey := strings.ToLower(k)
		if lowerKey == "host" || strings.HasPrefix(lowerKey, "x-acs-") || lowerKey == "content-type" {
			canonicalHeaders += lowerKey + ":" + req.headers[k] + "\n"
			signedHeaders += lowerKey + ";"
		}
	}
	signedHeaders = strings.TrimSuffix(signedHeaders, ";")

	canonicalRequest := req.httpMethod + "\n" + req.canonicalUri + "\n" + canonicalQueryString + "\n" + canonicalHeaders + "\n" + signedHeaders + "\n" + hashedRequestPayload
	fmt.Printf("canonicalRequest========>\n%s\n", canonicalRequest)

	// 步骤 2：拼接待签名字符串
	hashedCanonicalRequest := sha256Hex(canonicalRequest)
	stringToSign := ALGORITHM + "\n" + hashedCanonicalRequest
	fmt.Printf("stringToSign========>\n%s\n", stringToSign)

	// 步骤 3：计算签名
	byteData, err := hmac256([]byte(AccessKeySecret), stringToSign)
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
	}
	signature := strings.ToLower(hex.EncodeToString(byteData))

	// 步骤 4：拼接Authorization
	authorization := ALGORITHM + " Credential=" + AccessKeyId + ",SignedHeaders=" + signedHeaders + ",Signature=" + signature
	fmt.Printf("authorization========>%s\n", authorization)
	req.headers["Authorization"] = authorization
}

func hmac256(key []byte, toSignString string) ([]byte, error) {
	// 实例化HMAC-SHA256哈希
	h := hmac.New(sha256.New, key)
	// 写入待签名的字符串
	_, err := h.Write([]byte(toSignString))
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	// 计算签名并返回
	return h.Sum(nil), nil
}

func sha256Hex(str string) string {
	// 实例化SHA-256哈希函数
	hash := sha256.New()
	// 将字符串写入哈希函数
	_, _ = hash.Write([]byte(str))
	// 计算SHA-256哈希值并转换为小写的十六进制字符串
	hexString := hex.EncodeToString(hash.Sum(nil))

	return hexString
}

func percentCode(str string) string {
	// 替换特定的编码字符
	str = strings.ReplaceAll(str, "+", "%20")
	str = strings.ReplaceAll(str, "*", "%2A")
	str = strings.ReplaceAll(str, "%7E", "~")
	return str
}

// processObject 递归处理对象，将复杂对象（如Map和List）展开为平面的键值对
func processObject(mapResult map[string]interface{}, key string, value interface{}) {
	if value == nil {
		return
	}

	switch v := value.(type) {
	case []interface{}:
		for i, item := range v {
			processObject(mapResult, fmt.Sprintf("%s.%d", key, i+1), item)
		}
	case map[string]interface{}:
		for subKey, subValue := range v {
			processObject(mapResult, fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", key, subKey), subValue)
		}
	default:
		if strings.HasPrefix(key, ".") {
			key = key[1:]
		}
		if b, ok := v.([]byte); ok {
			mapResult[key] = string(b)
		} else {
			mapResult[key] = fmt.Sprintf("%v", v)
		}
	}
}

Node.js示例

本示例所用语言是javaScript。

const crypto = require('crypto');

class Request {
    constructor(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion) {
        this.httpMethod = httpMethod;
        this.canonicalUri = canonicalUri || '/';
        this.host = host;
        this.xAcsAction = xAcsAction;
        this.xAcsVersion = xAcsVersion;
        this.headers = {};
        this.body = null;
        this.queryParam = {};
        this.initHeader();
    }

    initHeader() {
        const date = new Date();
        this.headers = {
            'host': this.host,
            'x-acs-action': this.xAcsAction,
            'x-acs-version': this.xAcsVersion,
            'x-acs-date': date.toISOString().replace(/\..+/, 'Z'),
            'x-acs-signature-nonce': crypto.randomBytes(16).toString('hex')
        }
    }
}

const ALGORITHM = 'ACS3-HMAC-SHA256';
const accessKeyId = process.env.ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID;
const accessKeySecret = process.env.ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_SECRET;

if (!accessKeyId || !accessKeySecret) {
    console.error('ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID and ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_SECRET environment variables must be set.');
    process.exit(1);
}

function getAuthorization(signRequest) {
    try {
        newQueryParam = {};
        processObject(newQueryParam, "", signRequest.queryParam);
        signRequest.queryParam = newQueryParam;
        // 步骤 1：拼接规范请求串
        const canonicalQueryString = Object.entries(signRequest.queryParam)
            .sort(([a], [b]) => a.localeCompare(b))
            .map(([key, value]) => `${percentCode(key)}=${percentCode(value)}`)
            .join('&');

        // 请求体，当请求正文为空时，比如GET请求，RequestPayload固定为空字符串
        const requestPayload = signRequest.body || '';
        const hashedRequestPayload = sha256Hex(requestPayload);
        signRequest.headers['x-acs-content-sha256'] = hashedRequestPayload;

        // 将所有key都转换为小写
        signRequest.headers = Object.fromEntries(
            Object.entries(signRequest.headers).map(([key, value]) => [key.toLowerCase(), value])
        );

        const sortedKeys = Object.keys(signRequest.headers)
            .filter(key => key.startsWith('x-acs-') || key === 'host' || key === 'content-type')
            .sort();
        // 已签名消息头列表，多个请求头名称（小写）按首字母升序排列并以英文分号（;）分隔
        const signedHeaders = sortedKeys.join(";")
        // 构造请求头，多个规范化消息头，按照消息头名称（小写）的字符代码顺序以升序排列后拼接在一起
        const canonicalHeaders = sortedKeys.map(key => `${key}:${signRequest.headers[key]}`).join('\n') + '\n';

        const canonicalRequest = [
            signRequest.httpMethod,
            signRequest.canonicalUri,
            canonicalQueryString,
            canonicalHeaders,
            signedHeaders,
            hashedRequestPayload
        ].join('\n');
        console.log('canonicalRequest=========>\n', canonicalRequest);

        // 步骤 2：拼接待签名字符串
        const hashedCanonicalRequest = sha256Hex(canonicalRequest);
        const stringToSign = `${ALGORITHM}\n${hashedCanonicalRequest}`;
        console.log('stringToSign=========>', stringToSign);

        // 步骤 3：计算签名
        const signature = hmac256(accessKeySecret, stringToSign);
        console.log('signature=========>', signature);

        // 步骤 4：拼接 Authorization
        const authorization = `${ALGORITHM} Credential=${accessKeyId},SignedHeaders=${signedHeaders},Signature=${signature}`;
        console.log('authorization=========>', authorization);
        signRequest.headers['Authorization'] = authorization;
    } catch (error) {
        console.error('Failed to get authorization');
        console.error(error);
    }
}

async function callApi(signRequest) {
    try {
        let url = `https://${signRequest.host}${signRequest.canonicalUri}`;
        // 添加请求参数
        if (signRequest.queryParam) {
            const query = new URLSearchParams(signRequest.queryParam);
            url += '?' + query.toString();
        }
        console.log('url=========>', url);

        // 配置请求选项
        let options = {
            method: signRequest.httpMethod.toUpperCase(),
            headers: signRequest.headers
        };

        // 处理请求体
        if (signRequest.body && ['POST', 'PUT'].includes(signRequest.httpMethod.toUpperCase())) {
            options.body = signRequest.body;
        }
        return (await fetch(url, options)).text();
    } catch (error) {
        console.error('Failed to send request:', error);
    }
}

function percentCode(str) {
    return encodeURIComponent(str)
        .replace(/\+/g, '%20')
        .replace(/\*/g, '%2A')
        .replace(/~/g, '%7E');
}

function hmac256(key, data) {
    const hmac = crypto.createHmac('sha256', key);
    hmac.update(data, 'utf8');
    return hmac.digest('hex').toLowerCase();
}

function sha256Hex(str) {
    if (str === null || str === undefined) {
        throw new Error('输入的字符串有误！');
    }
    const hash = crypto.createHash('sha256');
    const digest = hash.update(str, 'utf8').digest('hex');
    return digest.toLowerCase();
}

function processObject(map, key, value) {
    // 如果值为空，则无需进一步处理
    if (value === null) {
        return;
    }
    if (key === null) {
        key = "";
    }

    // 当值为Array类型时，遍历Array中的每个元素，并递归处理
    if (Array.isArray(value)) {
        value.forEach((item, index) => {
            processObject(map, `${key}.${index + 1}`, item);
        });
    } else if (typeof value === 'object' && value !== null) {
        // 当值为Object类型时，遍历Object中的每个键值对，并递归处理
        Object.entries(value).forEach(([subKey, subValue]) => {
            processObject(map, `${key}.${subKey}`, subValue);
        });
    } else {
        // 对于以"."开头的键，移除开头的"."以保持键的连续性
        if (key.startsWith('.')) {
            key = key.slice(1);
        }
        map[key] = String(value);
    }
}


// 示例一：RPC接口请求
const httpMethod = 'GET';
const canonicalUri = '/';
const host = 'ecs.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com';
const xAcsAction = 'DescribeInstanceStatus';
const xAcsVersion = '2014-05-26';
const signRequest = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion, xAcsVersion);
signRequest.queryParam = {
    RegionId: 'cn-hangzhou',
    InstanceId: ["i-bp10igfmnyttXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX"],
}

// 示例二：ROA接口POST请求
// const httpMethod = 'POST';
// const canonicalUri = '/clusters';
// const host = 'cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com';
// const xAcsAction = 'CreateCluster';
// const xAcsVersion = '2015-12-15';
// const signRequest = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion, xAcsVersion);
// const body = {
//     name: 'testDemo',
//     region_id: 'cn-beijing',
//     cluster_type: 'ExternalKubernetes',
//     vpcid: 'vpc-2zeo42r27y4opXXXXXXXX',
//     service_cidr: '172.16.3.0/20',
//     security_group_id: 'sg-2zeh5ta2iklXXXXXXXX',
//     vswitch_ids: [
//         'vsw-2ze3aagwn397gXXXXXXXX'
//       ],
// }
// signRequest.body = JSON.stringify(body)
// // 根据需要设置正确的Content-Type，这里假设是JSON
// signRequest.headers['content-type'] = 'application/json';

// 示例三：ROA接口GET请求
// const httpMethod = 'GET';
// // canonicalUri如果存在path参数，需要对path参数encode，percentCode({path参数})
// const canonicalUri = '/clusters/" + percentCode("cb7cd6b9bde934f6193801878XXXXXXXX") + "/resources';
// const host = 'cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com';
// const xAcsAction = 'DescribeClusterResources';
// const xAcsVersion = '2015-12-15';
// const signRequest = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion, xAcsVersion);
// signRequest.queryParam = {
//     with_addon_resources: true,
// }

getAuthorization(signRequest);
callApi(signRequest).then(r => {
    console.log(r);
}).catch(error => {
    console.error(error);
});

PHP示例

<?php

class SignatureDemo
{
    private $ALGORITHM;
    private $AccessKeyId;
    private $AccessKeySecret;

    public function __construct()
    {
        date_default_timezone_set('UTC'); // 设置时区为GMT
        $this->AccessKeyId = getenv('ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID'); // 从环境变量中获取RAM用户Access Key ID
        $this->AccessKeySecret = getenv('ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_SECRET'); // 从环境变量中获取RAM用户Access Key Secret
        $this->ALGORITHM = 'ACS3-HMAC-SHA256'; // 设置加密算法
    }

    public function main()
    {
        // RPC接口请求
        $request = $this->createRequest('POST', '/', 'ecs.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com', 'DescribeInstanceStatus', '2014-05-26');
        $request['queryParam'] = [
            'RegionId' => 'cn-hangzhou',
            'InstanceId' => ["i-bp10igfmnyttXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX", "i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX"]
        ];

        // ROA接口POST请求
        // $request = $this->createRequest('POST', '/clusters', 'cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com', 'CreateCluster', '2015-12-15');
        // $this->addRequestBody($request, [
        //     'name' => 'testDemo',
        //     'region_id' => 'cn-beijing',
        //     'cluster_type' => 'ExternalKubernetes',
        //     'vpcid' => 'vpc-2zeo42r27y4opXXXXXXXX',
        //     'service_cidr' => '172.16.5.0/20',
        //     'security_group_id' => 'sg-2zeh5ta2ikljXXXXXXXX',
        //     "vswitch_ids" => [
        //         "vsw-2zeuntqtklsk0XXXXXXXX"
        //     ],
        // ]);

        // ROA接口GET请求
        // canonicalUri如果存在path参数，需要对path参数encode，rawurlencode({path参数})
        // $cluster_id = 'cb7cd6b9bde934f6193801878XXXXXXXX';
        // $canonicalUri = sprintf("/clusters/%s/resources", rawurlencode($cluster_id));
        // $request = $this->createRequest('GET', $canonicalUri, 'cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com', 'DescribeClusterResources', '2015-12-15');
        // $request['queryParam'] = [
        //     'with_addon_resources' => true,
        // ];

        $this->getAuthorization($request);
        $this->callApi($request);
    }

    private function createRequest($httpMethod, $canonicalUri, $host, $xAcsAction, $xAcsVersion)
    {
        $headers = [
            'host' => $host,
            'x-acs-action' => $xAcsAction,
            'x-acs-version' => $xAcsVersion,
            'x-acs-date' => gmdate('Y-m-d\TH:i:s\Z'),
            'x-acs-signature-nonce' => bin2hex(random_bytes(16)),
        ];
        return [
            'httpMethod' => $httpMethod,
            'canonicalUri' => $canonicalUri,
            'host' => $host,
            'headers' => $headers,
            'queryParam' => [],
            'body' => null,
        ];
    }

    private function addRequestBody(&$request, $bodyData)
    {
        $request['body'] = json_encode($bodyData, JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE);
        $request['headers']['content-type'] = 'application/json; charset=utf-8';
    }

    private function getAuthorization(&$request)
    {
        $request['queryParam'] = $this->processObject($request['queryParam']);
        $canonicalQueryString = $this->buildCanonicalQueryString($request['queryParam']);
        $hashedRequestPayload = hash('sha256', $request['body'] ?? '');
        $request['headers']['x-acs-content-sha256'] = $hashedRequestPayload;

        $canonicalHeaders = $this->buildCanonicalHeaders($request['headers']);
        $signedHeaders = $this->buildSignedHeaders($request['headers']);

        $canonicalRequest = implode("\n", [
            $request['httpMethod'],
            $request['canonicalUri'],
            $canonicalQueryString,
            $canonicalHeaders,
            $signedHeaders,
            $hashedRequestPayload,
        ]);

        $hashedCanonicalRequest = hash('sha256', $canonicalRequest);
        $stringToSign = "{$this->ALGORITHM}\n$hashedCanonicalRequest";

        $signature = strtolower(bin2hex(hash_hmac('sha256', $stringToSign, $this->AccessKeySecret, true)));
        $authorization = "{$this->ALGORITHM} Credential={$this->AccessKeyId},SignedHeaders=$signedHeaders,Signature=$signature";

        $request['headers']['Authorization'] = $authorization;
    }

    private function callApi($request)
    {
        try {
            // 通过cURL发送请求
            $url = "https://" . $request['host'] . $request['canonicalUri'];

            // 添加请求参数到URL
            if (!empty($request['queryParam'])) {
                $url .= '?' . http_build_query($request['queryParam']);
            }

            echo $url;
            // 初始化cURL会话
            $ch = curl_init();

            // 设置cURL选项
            curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, false); // 禁用SSL证书验证，请注意，这会降低安全性，不应在生产环境中使用（不推荐！！！）
            curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url);
            curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, true); // 返回而不是输出内容
            curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, $this->convertHeadersToArray($request['headers'])); // 添加请求头

            // 根据请求类型设置cURL选项
            switch ($request['httpMethod']) {
                case "GET":
                    break;
                case "POST":
                    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, true);
                    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $request['body']);
                    break;
                case "DELETE":
                    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, "DELETE");
                    break;
                default:
                    echo "Unsupported HTTP method: " . $request['body'];
                    throw new Exception("Unsupported HTTP method");
            }

            // 发送请求
            $result = curl_exec($ch);

            // 检查是否有错误发生
            if (curl_errno($ch)) {
                echo "Failed to send request: " . curl_error($ch);
            } else {
                echo $result;
            }

        } catch (Exception $e) {
            echo "Error: " . $e->getMessage();
        } finally {
            // 关闭cURL会话
            curl_close($ch);
        }
    }

    function processObject($value)
    {
        // 如果值为空，则无需进一步处理
        if ($value === null) {
            return;
        }
        $tmp = [];
        foreach ($value as $k => $v) {
            if (0 !== strpos($k, '_')) {
                $tmp[$k] = $v;
            }
        }
        return self::flatten($tmp);
    }

    private static function flatten($items = [], $delimiter = '.', $prepend = '')
    {
        $flatten = [];
        foreach ($items as $key => $value) {
            $pos = \is_int($key) ? $key + 1 : $key;

            if (\is_object($value)) {
                $value = get_object_vars($value);
            }

            if (\is_array($value) && !empty($value)) {
                $flatten = array_merge(
                    $flatten,
                    self::flatten($value, $delimiter, $prepend . $pos . $delimiter)
                );
            } else {
                if (\is_bool($value)) {
                    $value = true === $value ? 'true' : 'false';
                }
                $flatten["$prepend$pos"] = $value;
            }
        }
        return $flatten;
    }


    private function convertHeadersToArray($headers)
    {
        $headerArray = [];
        foreach ($headers as $key => $value) {
            $headerArray[] = "$key: $value";
        }
        return $headerArray;
    }


    private function buildCanonicalQueryString($queryParams)
    {

        ksort($queryParams);
        // Build and encode query parameters
        $params = [];
        foreach ($queryParams as $k => $v) {
            if (null === $v) {
                continue;
            }
            $str = rawurlencode($k);
            if ('' !== $v && null !== $v) {
                $str .= '=' . rawurlencode($v);
            } else {
                $str .= '=';
            }
            $params[] = $str;
        }
        return implode('&', $params);
    }

    private function buildCanonicalHeaders($headers)
    {
        // Sort headers by key and concatenate them
        uksort($headers, 'strcasecmp');
        $canonicalHeaders = '';
        foreach ($headers as $key => $value) {
            $canonicalHeaders .= strtolower($key) . ':' . trim($value) . "\n";
        }
        return $canonicalHeaders;
    }

    private function buildSignedHeaders($headers)
    {
        // Build the signed headers string
        $signedHeaders = array_keys($headers);
        sort($signedHeaders, SORT_STRING | SORT_FLAG_CASE);
        return implode(';', array_map('strtolower', $signedHeaders));
    }
}

$demo = new SignatureDemo();
$demo->main();

.NET示例

using System.Globalization;
using System.Net;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;
using System.Web;
using Newtonsoft.Json;

namespace SignatureDemo
{
    public class Request
    {
        public string HttpMethod { get; private set; }
        public string CanonicalUri { get; private set; }
        public string Host { get; private set; }
        public string XAcsAction { get; private set; }
        public string XAcsVersion { get; private set; }
        public SortedDictionary<string, object> Headers { get; private set; }
        public string Body { get; set; }
        public Dictionary<string, object> QueryParam { get; set; }

        public Request(string httpMethod, string canonicalUri, string host, string xAcsAction, string xAcsVersion)
        {
            HttpMethod = httpMethod;
            CanonicalUri = canonicalUri;
            Host = host;
            XAcsAction = xAcsAction;
            XAcsVersion = xAcsVersion;
            Headers = [];
            QueryParam = [];
            Body = "";
            InitHeader();
        }

        private void InitHeader()
        {
            Headers["host"] = Host;
            Headers["x-acs-action"] = XAcsAction;
            Headers["x-acs-version"] = XAcsVersion;
            DateTime utcNow = DateTime.UtcNow;
            Headers["x-acs-date"] = utcNow.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss'Z'", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
            Headers["x-acs-signature-nonce"] = Guid.NewGuid().ToString();
        }
    }

    public class Program
    {
        private static readonly string AccessKeyId = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID") ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("环境变量 ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID 未设置");
        private static readonly string AccessKeySecret = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_SECRET") ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("环境变量 ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_SECRET 未设置");
        private const string Algorithm = "ACS3-HMAC-SHA256";
        private const string ContentType = "content-type";

        public static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            // RPC接口请求
            string httpMethod = "POST"; // RPC接口大部分是同时支持POST和GET的
            string canonicalUri = "/";
            string host = "ecs.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com";
            string xAcsAction = "DescribeInstanceStatus";
            string xAcsVersion = "2014-05-26";
            var request = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);
            request.QueryParam["RegionId"] = "cn-hangzhou"; // RegionId的类型是string
            List<string> instanceIds = ["i-bp10igfmnytt9zhth92h", "i-bp1incuofvzxww9rcz80", "i-bp1incuofvzxww9rcz7z"];
            request.QueryParam["InstanceId"] = instanceIds; // InstanceId的类型是array

            // // ROA接口POST请求
            // String httpMethod = "POST";
            // String canonicalUri = "/clusters";
            // String host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"; // endpoint
            // String xAcsAction = "CreateCluster"; // API名称
            // String xAcsVersion = "2015-12-15"; // API版本号
            // Request request = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);
            // // 请求body，通过JsonConvert将body转成JSON字符串
            // var body = new SortedDictionary<string, object>
            // {
            //     { "name", "testDemo" },
            //     { "region_id", "cn-beijing" },
            //     { "cluster_type", "ManagedKubernetes" },
            //     { "vpcid", "vpc-2zeo42r27y4opXXXXXXXX" },
            //     { "service_cidr", "172.16.1.0/20" },
            //     { "security_group_id", "sg-2zec0dm6qi66XXXXXXXX" }
            // };
            // string jsonBody = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(body, Formatting.None);
            // request.Body = jsonBody;
            // request.Headers[ContentType] = "application/json; charset=utf-8";

            // // ROA接口GET请求
            // String httpMethod = "GET";
            // // canonicalUri如果存在path参数，需要对path参数encode，percentCode({path参数})
            // String canonicalUri = "/clusters/" + PercentCode("c3c2987c8beae4b1b85bef006xxxxxxxx") + "/resources";
            // String host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"; // endpoint
            // String xAcsAction = "DescribeClusterResources"; // API名称
            // String xAcsVersion = "2015-12-15"; // API版本号
            // Request request = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);
            // request.QueryParam["with_addon_resources"]=true;

            // // ROA接口DELETE请求
            // String httpMethod = "DELETE";
            // // canonicalUri如果存在path参数，需要对path参数encode，percentCode({path参数})
            // String canonicalUri = "/clusters/" + PercentCode("c3c2987c8beae4b1b85bef006xxxxxxxx");
            // String host = "cs.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com"; // endpoint
            // String xAcsAction = "DeleteCluster"; // API名称
            // String xAcsVersion = "2015-12-15"; // API版本号
            // Request request = new Request(httpMethod, canonicalUri, host, xAcsAction, xAcsVersion);

            GetAuthorization(request);
            var result = CallApiAsync(request);
            Console.WriteLine($"result:{result.Result}");
        }

        private static async Task<string?> CallApiAsync(Request request)
        {
            try
            {
                // 声明 httpClient
                using var httpClient = new HttpClient();

                // 构建 URL
                string url = $"https://{request.Host}{request.CanonicalUri}";
                var uriBuilder = new UriBuilder(url);
                var query = new List<string>();

                // 添加请求参数
                foreach (var entry in request.QueryParam.OrderBy(e => e.Key.ToLower()))
                {
                    string value = entry.Value?.ToString() ?? "";
                    query.Add($"{entry.Key}={Uri.EscapeDataString(value)}");
                }

                uriBuilder.Query = string.Join("&", query);
                Console.WriteLine(uriBuilder.Uri);
                var requestMessage = new HttpRequestMessage
                {
                    RequestUri = uriBuilder.Uri,
                };

                // 设置请求头
                foreach (var entry in request.Headers)
                {
                    if (entry.Key == "Authorization")
                    {
                        requestMessage.Headers.TryAddWithoutValidation("Authorization", entry.Value.ToString()); ;
                    }
                    else if (entry.Key == ContentType) // 与main中定义的要一致
                    {
                        continue;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        requestMessage.Headers.Add(entry.Key, entry.Value.ToString());
                    }
                }

                // 发送请求
                HttpResponseMessage response;
                switch (request.HttpMethod.ToUpper())
                {
                    case "GET":
                        response = await httpClient.SendAsync(requestMessage, HttpCompletionOption.ResponseHeadersRead);
                        break;
                    case "POST":
                        requestMessage.Method = HttpMethod.Post;
                        requestMessage.Content = new StringContent(request.Body ?? "", Encoding.UTF8, "application/json");
                        response = await httpClient.SendAsync(requestMessage);
                        break;
                    case "DELETE":
                        requestMessage.Method = HttpMethod.Delete;
                        response = await httpClient.SendAsync(requestMessage);
                        break;
                    default:
                        Console.WriteLine("Unsupported HTTP method: " + request.HttpMethod);
                        throw new ArgumentException("Unsupported HTTP method");
                }

                // 读取响应内容
                string result = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();
                return result;
            }
            catch (UriFormatException e)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Invalid URI syntax");
                Console.WriteLine(e.Message);
                return null;
            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Failed to send request");
                Console.WriteLine(e);
                return null;
            }
        }

        private static void GetAuthorization(Request request)
        {
            try
            {
                // 处理queryParam中参数值为List、Map类型的参数，将参数平铺
                request.QueryParam = FlattenDictionary(request.QueryParam);

                // 步骤 1：拼接规范请求串
                StringBuilder canonicalQueryString = new();
                foreach (var entry in request.QueryParam.OrderBy(e => e.Key.ToLower()))
                {
                    if (canonicalQueryString.Length > 0)
                    {
                        canonicalQueryString.Append('&');
                    }
                    canonicalQueryString.Append($"{PercentCode(entry.Key)}={PercentCode(entry.Value?.ToString() ?? "")}");
                }

                string requestPayload = string.IsNullOrEmpty(request.Body) ? "" : request.Body;
                string hashedRequestPayload = Sha256Hash(requestPayload);
                request.Headers["x-acs-content-sha256"] = hashedRequestPayload;

                StringBuilder canonicalHeaders = new();
                StringBuilder signedHeadersSb = new();
                foreach (var entry in request.Headers.OrderBy(e => e.Key.ToLower()))
                {
                    if (entry.Key.StartsWith("x-acs-", StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase) || entry.Key.Equals("host", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) || entry.Key.Equals(ContentType, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                    {
                        string lowerKey = entry.Key.ToLower();
                        string value = (entry.Value?.ToString() ?? "").Trim();
                        canonicalHeaders.Append($"{lowerKey}:{value}\n");
                        signedHeadersSb.Append($"{lowerKey};");
                    }
                }
                string signedHeaders = signedHeadersSb.ToString().TrimEnd(';');
                string canonicalRequest = $"{request.HttpMethod}\n{request.CanonicalUri}\n{canonicalQueryString}\n{canonicalHeaders}\n{signedHeaders}\n{hashedRequestPayload}";
                Console.WriteLine($"canonicalRequest:{canonicalRequest}");

                // 步骤 2：拼接待签名字符串
                string hashedCanonicalRequest = Sha256Hash(canonicalRequest);
                string stringToSign = $"{Algorithm}\n{hashedCanonicalRequest}";
                Console.WriteLine($"stringToSign:{stringToSign}");

                // 步骤 3：计算签名
                string signature = HmacSha256(AccessKeySecret, stringToSign);

                // 步骤 4：拼接 Authorization
                string authorization = $"{Algorithm} Credential={AccessKeyId},SignedHeaders={signedHeaders},Signature={signature}";
                request.Headers["Authorization"] = authorization;
                Console.WriteLine($"authorization:{authorization}");
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Failed to get authorization");
                Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
            }
        }

        private static Dictionary<string, object> FlattenDictionary(Dictionary<string, object> dictionary, string prefix = "")
        {
            var result = new Dictionary<string, object>();
            foreach (var kvp in dictionary)
            {
                string key = string.IsNullOrEmpty(prefix) ? kvp.Key : $"{prefix}.{kvp.Key}";

                if (kvp.Value is Dictionary<string, object> nestedDict)
                {
                    var nestedResult = FlattenDictionary(nestedDict, key);
                    foreach (var nestedKvp in nestedResult)
                    {
                        result[nestedKvp.Key] = nestedKvp.Value;
                    }
                }
                else if (kvp.Value is List<string> list)
                {
                    for (int i = 0; i < list.Count; i++)
                    {
                        result[$"{key}.{i + 1}"] = list[i];
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    result[key] = kvp.Value;
                }
            }
            return result;
        }

        private static string HmacSha256(string key, string message)
        {
            using (var hmac = new HMACSHA256(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(key)))
            {
                byte[] hashMessage = hmac.ComputeHash(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message));
                return BitConverter.ToString(hashMessage).Replace("-", "").ToLower();
            }
        }

        private static string Sha256Hash(string input)
        {
            byte[] hashBytes = SHA256.HashData(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(input));
            return BitConverter.ToString(hashBytes).Replace("-", "").ToLower();
        }

        private static string PercentCode(string str)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(str))
            {
                throw new ArgumentException("输入字符串不可为null或空");
            }
            return Uri.EscapeDataString(str).Replace("+", "%20").Replace("*", "%2A").Replace("%7E", "~");
        }
    }
}

Shell脚本示例

#!/bin/bash

accessKey_id="<YOUR-ACCESSKEY-ID>"
accessKey_secret="<YOUR-ACCESSKEY-SECRET>"
algorithm="ACS3-HMAC-SHA256"

# 请求参数
httpMethod="POST"
host="ecs.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com"
queryParam=("RegionId=cn-hangzhou" "InstanceId=(\"i-bp10igfmnyttXXXXXXXX\" \"i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX\" \"i-bp1incuofvzxXXXXXXXX\")")
action="DescribeInstanceStatus"
version="2014-05-26"
canonicalURI="/"
RequestPayload=""

# 按照ISO 8601标准表示的UTC时间
utc_timestamp=$(date +%s)
utc_date=$(date -u -d @${utc_timestamp} +"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ") 
# x-acs-signature-nonce 随机数
random=$(uuidgen | sed 's/-//g') 

# 签名header
headers="host:${host}
x-acs-action:${action}
x-acs-version:${version}
x-acs-date:${utc_date}
x-acs-signature-nonce:${random}"

# 步骤 1：拼接规范请求串
# 将queryParam中的参数全部平铺
newQueryParam=()

# 遍历每一个原始参数
for param in "${queryParam[@]}"; do
    # 检查是否包含等号，以确定是键值对
    if [[ "$param" == *"="* ]]; then
        # 分割键和值
        IFS='=' read -r key value <<< "$param"

        # 检查值是否为一个列表（通过查找括号）
        if [[ "$value" =~ ^\(.+\)$ ]]; then
            # 去掉两边的括号
            value="${value:1:-1}"

            # 使用IFS分割值列表
            IFS=' ' read -ra values <<< "$value"

            # 对于每个值添加索引
            index=1
            for val in "${values[@]}"; do
                # 去除双引号
                val="${val%\"}"
                val="${val#\"}"

                # 添加到新数组
                newQueryParam+=("$key.$index=$val")
                ((index++))
            done
        else
            # 如果不是列表，则直接添加
            newQueryParam+=("$param")
        fi
    else
        # 如果没有等号，直接保留原样
        newQueryParam+=("$param")
    fi
done

# 处理并排序新的查询参数
sortedParams=()
declare -A paramsMap
for param in "${newQueryParam[@]}"; do
    IFS='=' read -r key value <<< "$param"
    paramsMap["$key"]="$value"
done
# 根据键排序
for key in $(echo ${!paramsMap[@]} | tr ' ' '\n' | sort); do
    sortedParams+=("$key=${paramsMap[$key]}")
done

# 1.1 拼接规范化查询字符串
canonicalQueryString=""
first=true
for item in "${sortedParams[@]}"; do
    [ "$first" = true ] && first=false || canonicalQueryString+="&"
    # 检查是否存在等号
    if [[ "$item" == *=* ]]; then
        canonicalQueryString+="$item"
    else
        canonicalQueryString+="$item="
    fi
done

# 1.2 处理请求体
hashedRequestPayload=$(echo -n "$body" | openssl dgst -sha256 | awk '{print $2}')
headers="${headers}
x-acs-content-sha256:$hashedRequestPayload"

# 1.3 构造规范化请求头
canonicalHeaders=$(echo "$headers" | grep -E '^(host|content-Type|x-acs-)' | while read line; do
    key=$(echo "$line" | cut -d':' -f1 | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
    value=$(echo "$line" | cut -d':' -f2-)
    echo "${key}:${value}"
done | sort | tr '\n' '\n')

signedHeaders=$(echo "$headers" | grep -E '^(host|content-Type|x-acs-)' | while read line; do
    key=$(echo "$line" | cut -d':' -f1 | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
    echo "$key"
done | sort | tr '\n' ';' | sed 's/;$//')

# 1.4 构造规范请求
canonicalRequest="${httpMethod}\n${canonicalURI}\n${canonicalQueryString}\n${canonicalHeaders}\n\n${signedHeaders}\n${hashedRequestPayload}"
echo -e "canonicalRequest=${canonicalRequest}"
echo "+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++"

hashedCanonicalRequest=$(printf "${canonicalRequest}" | openssl sha256 -hex | awk '{print $2}')
# 步骤 2：构造签名字符串
stringToSign="${algorithm}\n${hashedCanonicalRequest}"
echo -e "stringToSign=$stringToSign"
echo "+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++"

# 步骤 3：计算签名
signature=$(printf "${stringToSign}" | openssl dgst -sha256 -hmac "${accessKey_secret}" | sed 's/^.* //')
echo -e "signature=${signature}"
echo "+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++"

# 步骤 4：构造Authorization
authorization="${algorithm} Credential=${accessKey_id},SignedHeaders=${signedHeaders},Signature=${signature}"
echo -e "authorization=${authorization}"

# 构造 curl 命令
url="https://$host$canonicalURI"
curl_command="curl -X $httpMethod '$url?$canonicalQueryString'"

# 添加请求头
IFS=$'\n'  # 设置换行符为新的IFS
for header in $headers; do
    curl_command="$curl_command -H '$header'"
done
curl_command+=" -H 'Authorization:$authorization'"

echo "$curl_command"
# 执行 curl 命令
eval "$curl_command"

固定参数示例

POST
/
ImageId=win2019_1809_x64_dtc_zh-cn_40G_alibase_20230811.vhd&RegionId=cn-shanghai
host:ecs.cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com
x-acs-action:RunInstances
x-acs-content-sha256:e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855
x-acs-date:2023-10-26T10:22:32Z
x-acs-signature-nonce:3156853299f313e23d1673dc12e1703d
x-acs-version:2014-05-26

host;x-acs-action;x-acs-content-sha256;x-acs-date;x-acs-signature-nonce;x-acs-version
e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855

ACS3-HMAC-SHA256
7ea06492da5221eba5297e897ce16e55f964061054b7695beedaac1145b1e259

06563a9e1b43f5dfe96b81484da74bceab24a1d853912eee15083a6f0f3283c0

POST /?ImageId=win2019_1809_x64_dtc_zh-cn_40G_alibase_20230811.vhd&RegionId=cn-shanghai HTTP/1.1
Authorization: ACS3-HMAC-SHA256 Credential=YourAccessKeyId,SignedHeaders=host;x-acs-action;x-acs-content-sha256;x-acs-date;x-acs-signature-nonce;x-acs-version,Signature=06563a9e1b43f5dfe96b81484da74bceab24a1d853912eee15083a6f0f3283c0
x-acs-action: RunInstances
host: ecs.cn-shanghai.aliyuncs.com
x-acs-date: 2023-10-26T09:01:01Z
x-acs-version: 2014-05-26
x-acs-content-sha256: e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855
x-acs-signature-nonce: d410180a5abf7fe235dd9b74aca91fc0
user-agent: AlibabaCloud (Mac OS X; x86_64) Java/1.8.0_352-b08 tea-util/0.2.6 TeaDSL/1
accept: application/json