If you want to automatically adjust and optimize resource allocation based on the actual resource usage of pods to ensure that pods can be scheduled to nodes with sufficient resources, we recommend that you enable the Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA) feature for application containers. VPA can monitor the resource consumption mode of pods and provide recommendations on CPU and memory allocation. In addition, it can adjust resource allocation without changing the number of replicated pods. VPA is suitable for scenarios such as stateful applications that require stable resource supply.
Before you begin
To help you better understand VPA features, we recommend that you learn about the basic information, usage notes, and known limits before reading this topic. For more information, see Kubernetes community VPA introduction.
In addition, Container Service for Kubernetes (ACK) clusters provide various workload scaling (scheduling layer elasticity) and node scaling (resource layer elasticity) solutions. We recommend that you read the Auto scaling overview topic to understand the scenarios and limits of different solutions first.
ack-vertical-pod-autoscaler introduction
VPA is implemented based on the ack-vertical-pod-autoscaler component to recommend and automatically adjust the CPU allocation and the request and limit parameters of memory for the containers in the pod according to actual resource requirements. The VPA also maintains the ratio of the resource request to the resource limit that you specify in the initial container configurations. The ack-vertical-pod-autoscaler component consists of the following parts:
admission-controller: Sets the correct resource request values for new pods. Before you install the admission-controller component, you must use a script to generate a certificate for the webhook.
recommender: Monitors the current and past resource usage of containers and recommends resource configurations based on the detected data to accurately match resource requirements.
updater: Checks whether the resource configuration of pods managed by the VPA is correct. If not, the updater terminates these pods for subsequent reconstruction.
Precautions
The VPA feature is in the beta phase and its performance is not tested in large-scale clusters. Exercise caution when you use this feature. If you encounter issues or have any suggestions, submit a ticket to contact the container service team.
Updating the resource configurations of running pods leads to pod restart and recreation, and the pods may be scheduled to other nodes. VPA supports an update mechanism that automatically updates the resource requests of existing pods without restarting the pods, but this mechanism is still in the testing stage.
VPA does not evict the pods that are not managed by replication controllers. In VPA, the Auto mode for such pods is equivalent to the Initial mode, meaning that VPA sets resource requests and limits for new pods but does not automatically delete and recreate running pods with improper resource allocation.
We do not recommend that you deploy multiple VPAs for the same workload. If multiple VPAs match a pod at the same time, unpredictable behavior may occur.
The pod resource requests that are modified by VPA may exceed the upper limit of the actual resource, including node resources, idle resources, and resource quotas, causing the pod to enter the Pending state and fail to be scheduled. In this case, using node auto scaling may solve this issue: if the resource utilization of the pod exceeds the scaling threshold, the pod scales out. However, if node resources are insufficient, the pod fails to be scheduled and enter a Pending state, which in turn triggers node scaling. For more information, see Enable node auto scaling.
The controllers of VPA and Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) are not fully compatible. A conflict may occur if you use both VPA and HPA to monitor CPU and memory usage. This conflict can be avoided if the HPA only monitors custom or external metrics other than CPU and memory metrics.
VPA uses an admission webhook as its admission controller. If other admission webhooks exist in the cluster, make sure that these admission webhooks do not conflict with VPA.
NoteThe execution sequence of admission controllers is defined in the configuration parameters of the API server.
VPA can handle most out-of-memory (OOM) events, but cannot guarantee success in all scenarios.
For more information about the known limits of VPA, see VPA known limitations.
Step 1: Install ack-vertical-pod-autoscaler
You can install the ack-vertical-pod-autoscaler using the console for clusters that run Kubernetes 1.26 or later, or using kubectl for clusters that run Kubernetes earlier than 1.26.
Install using the console (recommended)
We recommend that you install the ack-vertical-pod-autoscaler using the ACK console, as it simplifies usage and reduces maintenance costs without requiring an understanding of the underlying complexities.
Prerequisites
An ACK managed cluster that runs Kubernetes 1.26 or later is created. For more information, see Create an ACK managed cluster. To update the cluster, see Manually update an ACK cluster.
A command-line tool is connected to the cluster. For more information, see Obtain the kubeconfig file of a cluster and use kubectl to connect to the cluster.
If you installed VPA using kubectl, we recommend that you uninstall that VPA and reinstall it using the console. For more information, see How to use the console to manage the VPA installed using kubectl?.
Installation steps
Log on to the ACK console. In the left-side navigation pane, click Clusters.
On the Clusters page, find the cluster that you want to manage and click its name. In the left-side navigation pane, choose Operations > Add-ons.
On the Add-ons page, find the ack-vertical-pod-autoscaler and complete the installation as prompted.
Install using kubectl
Prerequisites
An ACK managed cluster that runs Kubernetes earlier than 1.26 is created. For more information, see Create an ACK managed cluster.
A command-line tool is connected to the cluster. For more information, see Obtain the kubeconfig file of a cluster and use kubectl to connect to the cluster.
If you deployed VPA in the cluster, you must uninstall that VPA first to avoid conflicts between the new and existing VPAs.
Steps
Save the YAML file for role-based access control (RBAC) permissions and run the command to create the RBAC permission file:
Expand to view the YAML template of RBAC
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: system:metrics-reader rules: - apiGroups: - "metrics.k8s.io" resources: - pods verbs: - get - list --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: system:vpa-actor rules: - apiGroups: - "" resources: - pods - nodes - limitranges verbs: - get - list - watch - apiGroups: - "" resources: - events verbs: - get - list - watch - create - apiGroups: - "poc.autoscaling.k8s.io" resources: - verticalpodautoscalers verbs: - get - list - watch - apiGroups: - "autoscaling.k8s.io" resources: - verticalpodautoscalers verbs: - get - list - watch --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: system:vpa-status-actor rules: - apiGroups: - "autoscaling.k8s.io" resources: - verticalpodautoscalers/status verbs: - get - patch --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: system:vpa-checkpoint-actor rules: - apiGroups: - "poc.autoscaling.k8s.io" resources: - verticalpodautoscalercheckpoints verbs: - get - list - watch - create - patch - delete - apiGroups: - "autoscaling.k8s.io" resources: - verticalpodautoscalercheckpoints verbs: - get - list - watch - create - patch - delete - apiGroups: - "" resources: - namespaces verbs: - get - list --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: system:evictioner rules: - apiGroups: - "apps" - "extensions" resources: - replicasets verbs: - get - apiGroups: - "" resources: - pods/eviction verbs: - create --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRoleBinding metadata: name: system:metrics-reader roleRef: apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io kind: ClusterRole name: system:metrics-reader subjects: - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-recommender namespace: kube-system --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRoleBinding metadata: name: system:vpa-actor roleRef: apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io kind: ClusterRole name: system:vpa-actor subjects: - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-recommender namespace: kube-system - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-updater namespace: kube-system --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRoleBinding metadata: name: system:vpa-status-actor roleRef: apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io kind: ClusterRole name: system:vpa-status-actor subjects: - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-recommender namespace: kube-system --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRoleBinding metadata: name: system:vpa-checkpoint-actor roleRef: apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io kind: ClusterRole name: system:vpa-checkpoint-actor subjects: - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-recommender namespace: kube-system --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: system:vpa-target-reader rules: - apiGroups: - '*' resources: - '*/scale' verbs: - get - watch - apiGroups: - "" resources: - replicationcontrollers verbs: - get - list - watch - apiGroups: - apps resources: - daemonsets - deployments - replicasets - statefulsets verbs: - get - list - watch - apiGroups: - batch resources: - jobs - cronjobs verbs: - get - list - watch --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRoleBinding metadata: name: system:vpa-target-reader-binding roleRef: apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io kind: ClusterRole name: system:vpa-target-reader subjects: - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-recommender namespace: kube-system - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-admission-controller namespace: kube-system - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-updater namespace: kube-system --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRoleBinding metadata: name: system:vpa-evictioner-binding roleRef: apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io kind: ClusterRole name: system:evictioner subjects: - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-updater namespace: kube-system --- apiVersion: v1 kind: ServiceAccount metadata: name: vpa-admission-controller namespace: kube-system --- apiVersion: v1 kind: ServiceAccount metadata: name: vpa-recommender namespace: kube-system --- apiVersion: v1 kind: ServiceAccount metadata: name: vpa-updater namespace: kube-system --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: system:vpa-admission-controller rules: - apiGroups: - "" resources: - pods - configmaps - nodes - limitranges verbs: - get - list - watch - apiGroups: - "admissionregistration.k8s.io" resources: - mutatingwebhookconfigurations verbs: - create - delete - get - list - apiGroups: - "poc.autoscaling.k8s.io" resources: - verticalpodautoscalers verbs: - get - list - watch - apiGroups: - "autoscaling.k8s.io" resources: - verticalpodautoscalers verbs: - get - list - watch - apiGroups: - "coordination.k8s.io" resources: - leases verbs: - create - update - get - list - watch --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRoleBinding metadata: name: system:vpa-admission-controller roleRef: apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io kind: ClusterRole name: system:vpa-admission-controller subjects: - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-admission-controller namespace: kube-system --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRole metadata: name: system:vpa-status-reader rules: - apiGroups: - "coordination.k8s.io" resources: - leases verbs: - get - list - watch --- apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1 kind: ClusterRoleBinding metadata: name: system:vpa-status-reader-binding roleRef: apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io kind: ClusterRole name: system:vpa-status-reader subjects: - kind: ServiceAccount name: vpa-updater namespace: kube-systemkubectl apply -f rbac.yamlSave the YAML template for CustomResourceDefinition (CRD) and run the command to create the CRD for ack-vertical-pod-autoscaler:
NoteThe CRD improves the scalability of ACK clusters. For more information, see Extend the Kubernetes API with CustomResourceDefinitions.
The YAML template for the CRD is as follows:
Kubernetes versions equal to or later than 1.22 and earlier than 1.26
Expand to view the YAML template of CRD
apiVersion: apiextensions.k8s.io/v1 kind: CustomResourceDefinition metadata: annotations: api-approved.kubernetes.io: https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/63797 controller-gen.kubebuilder.io/version: v0.9.2 creationTimestamp: null name: verticalpodautoscalercheckpoints.autoscaling.k8s.io spec: group: autoscaling.k8s.io names: kind: VerticalPodAutoscalerCheckpoint listKind: VerticalPodAutoscalerCheckpointList plural: verticalpodautoscalercheckpoints shortNames: - vpacheckpoint singular: verticalpodautoscalercheckpoint scope: Namespaced versions: - name: v1 schema: openAPIV3Schema: description: VerticalPodAutoscalerCheckpoint is the checkpoint of the internal state of VPA that is used for recovery after recommender's restart. properties: apiVersion: description: 'APIVersion defines the versioned schema of this representation of an object. Servers should convert recognized schemas to the latest internal value, and may reject unrecognized values. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#resources' type: string kind: description: 'Kind is a string value representing the REST resource this object represents. Servers may infer this from the endpoint the client submits requests to. Cannot be updated. In CamelCase. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#types-kinds' type: string metadata: type: object spec: description: 'Specification of the checkpoint. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#spec-and-status.' properties: containerName: description: Name of the checkpointed container. type: string vpaObjectName: description: Name of the VPA object that stored VerticalPodAutoscalerCheckpoint object. type: string type: object status: description: Data of the checkpoint. properties: cpuHistogram: description: Checkpoint of histogram for consumption of CPU. properties: bucketWeights: description: Map from bucket index to bucket weight. type: object x-kubernetes-preserve-unknown-fields: true referenceTimestamp: description: Reference timestamp for samples collected within this histogram. format: date-time nullable: true type: string totalWeight: description: Sum of samples to be used as denominator for weights from BucketWeights. type: number type: object firstSampleStart: description: Timestamp of the fist sample from the histograms. format: date-time nullable: true type: string lastSampleStart: description: Timestamp of the last sample from the histograms. format: date-time nullable: true type: string lastUpdateTime: description: The time when the status was last refreshed. format: date-time nullable: true type: string memoryHistogram: description: Checkpoint of histogram for consumption of memory. properties: bucketWeights: description: Map from bucket index to bucket weight. type: object x-kubernetes-preserve-unknown-fields: true referenceTimestamp: description: Reference timestamp for samples collected within this histogram. format: date-time nullable: true type: string totalWeight: description: Sum of samples to be used as denominator for weights from BucketWeights. type: number type: object totalSamplesCount: description: Total number of samples in the histograms. type: integer version: description: Version of the format of the stored data. type: string type: object type: object served: true storage: true - name: v1beta2 schema: openAPIV3Schema: description: VerticalPodAutoscalerCheckpoint is the checkpoint of the internal state of VPA that is used for recovery after recommender's restart. properties: apiVersion: description: 'APIVersion defines the versioned schema of this representation of an object. Servers should convert recognized schemas to the latest internal value, and may reject unrecognized values. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#resources' type: string kind: description: 'Kind is a string value representing the REST resource this object represents. Servers may infer this from the endpoint the client submits requests to. Cannot be updated. In CamelCase. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#types-kinds' type: string metadata: type: object spec: description: 'Specification of the checkpoint. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#spec-and-status.' properties: containerName: description: Name of the checkpointed container. type: string vpaObjectName: description: Name of the VPA object that stored VerticalPodAutoscalerCheckpoint object. type: string type: object status: description: Data of the checkpoint. properties: cpuHistogram: description: Checkpoint of histogram for consumption of CPU. properties: bucketWeights: description: Map from bucket index to bucket weight. type: object x-kubernetes-preserve-unknown-fields: true referenceTimestamp: description: Reference timestamp for samples collected within this histogram. format: date-time nullable: true type: string totalWeight: description: Sum of samples to be used as denominator for weights from BucketWeights. type: number type: object firstSampleStart: description: Timestamp of the fist sample from the histograms. format: date-time nullable: true type: string lastSampleStart: description: Timestamp of the last sample from the histograms. format: date-time nullable: true type: string lastUpdateTime: description: The time when the status was last refreshed. format: date-time nullable: true type: string memoryHistogram: description: Checkpoint of histogram for consumption of memory. properties: bucketWeights: description: Map from bucket index to bucket weight. type: object x-kubernetes-preserve-unknown-fields: true referenceTimestamp: description: Reference timestamp for samples collected within this histogram. format: date-time nullable: true type: string totalWeight: description: Sum of samples to be used as denominator for weights from BucketWeights. type: number type: object totalSamplesCount: description: Total number of samples in the histograms. type: integer version: description: Version of the format of the stored data. type: string type: object type: object served: true storage: false --- apiVersion: apiextensions.k8s.io/v1 kind: CustomResourceDefinition metadata: annotations: api-approved.kubernetes.io: https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/63797 controller-gen.kubebuilder.io/version: v0.9.2 creationTimestamp: null name: verticalpodautoscalers.autoscaling.k8s.io spec: group: autoscaling.k8s.io names: kind: VerticalPodAutoscaler listKind: VerticalPodAutoscalerList plural: verticalpodautoscalers shortNames: - vpa singular: verticalpodautoscaler scope: Namespaced versions: - additionalPrinterColumns: - jsonPath: .spec.updatePolicy.updateMode name: Mode type: string - jsonPath: .status.recommendation.containerRecommendations[0].target.cpu name: CPU type: string - jsonPath: .status.recommendation.containerRecommendations[0].target.memory name: Mem type: string - jsonPath: .status.conditions[?(@.type=='RecommendationProvided')].status name: Provided type: string - jsonPath: .metadata.creationTimestamp name: Age type: date name: v1 schema: openAPIV3Schema: description: VerticalPodAutoscaler is the configuration for a vertical pod autoscaler, which automatically manages pod resources based on historical and real time resource utilization. properties: apiVersion: description: 'APIVersion defines the versioned schema of this representation of an object. Servers should convert recognized schemas to the latest internal value, and may reject unrecognized values. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#resources' type: string kind: description: 'Kind is a string value representing the REST resource this object represents. Servers may infer this from the endpoint the client submits requests to. Cannot be updated. In CamelCase. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#types-kinds' type: string metadata: type: object spec: description: 'Specification of the behavior of the autoscaler. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#spec-and-status.' properties: recommenders: description: Recommender responsible for generating recommendation for this object. List should be empty (then the default recommender will generate the recommendation) or contain exactly one recommender. items: description: VerticalPodAutoscalerRecommenderSelector points to a specific Vertical Pod Autoscaler recommender. In the future it might pass parameters to the recommender. properties: name: description: Name of the recommender responsible for generating recommendation for this object. type: string required: - name type: object type: array resourcePolicy: description: Controls how the autoscaler computes recommended resources. The resource policy may be used to set constraints on the recommendations for individual containers. If not specified, the autoscaler computes recommended resources for all containers in the pod, without additional constraints. properties: containerPolicies: description: Per-container resource policies. items: description: ContainerResourcePolicy controls how autoscaler computes the recommended resources for a specific container. properties: containerName: description: Name of the container or DefaultContainerResourcePolicy, in which case the policy is used by the containers that don't have their own policy specified. type: string controlledResources: description: Specifies the type of recommendations that will be computed (and possibly applied) by VPA. If not specified, the default of [ResourceCPU, ResourceMemory] will be used. items: description: ResourceName is the name identifying various resources in a ResourceList. type: string type: array controlledValues: description: Specifies which resource values should be controlled. The default is "RequestsAndLimits". enum: - RequestsAndLimits - RequestsOnly type: string maxAllowed: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Specifies the maximum amount of resources that will be recommended for the container. The default is no maximum. type: object minAllowed: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Specifies the minimal amount of resources that will be recommended for the container. The default is no minimum. type: object mode: description: Whether autoscaler is enabled for the container. The default is "Auto". enum: - Auto - "Off" type: string type: object type: array type: object targetRef: description: TargetRef points to the controller managing the set of pods for the autoscaler to control - e.g. Deployment, StatefulSet. VerticalPodAutoscaler can be targeted at controller implementing scale subresource (the pod set is retrieved from the controller's ScaleStatus) or some well known controllers (e.g. for DaemonSet the pod set is read from the controller's spec). If VerticalPodAutoscaler cannot use specified target it will report ConfigUnsupported condition. Note that VerticalPodAutoscaler does not require full implementation of scale subresource - it will not use it to modify the replica count. The only thing retrieved is a label selector matching pods grouped by the target resource. properties: apiVersion: description: API version of the referent type: string kind: description: 'Kind of the referent; More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#types-kinds"' type: string name: description: 'Name of the referent; More info: http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/identifiers#names' type: string required: - kind - name type: object x-kubernetes-map-type: atomic updatePolicy: description: Describes the rules on how changes are applied to the pods. If not specified, all fields in the `PodUpdatePolicy` are set to their default values. properties: minReplicas: description: Minimal number of replicas which need to be alive for Updater to attempt pod eviction (pending other checks like PDB). Only positive values are allowed. Overrides global '--min-replicas' flag. format: int32 type: integer updateMode: description: Controls when autoscaler applies changes to the pod resources. The default is 'Auto'. enum: - "Off" - Initial - Recreate - Auto type: string type: object required: - targetRef type: object status: description: Current information about the autoscaler. properties: conditions: description: Conditions is the set of conditions required for this autoscaler to scale its target, and indicates whether or not those conditions are met. items: description: VerticalPodAutoscalerCondition describes the state of a VerticalPodAutoscaler at a certain point. properties: lastTransitionTime: description: lastTransitionTime is the last time the condition transitioned from one status to another format: date-time type: string message: description: message is a human-readable explanation containing details about the transition type: string reason: description: reason is the reason for the condition's last transition. type: string status: description: status is the status of the condition (True, False, Unknown) type: string type: description: type describes the current condition type: string required: - status - type type: object type: array recommendation: description: The most recently computed amount of resources recommended by the autoscaler for the controlled pods. properties: containerRecommendations: description: Resources recommended by the autoscaler for each container. items: description: RecommendedContainerResources is the recommendation of resources computed by autoscaler for a specific container. Respects the container resource policy if present in the spec. In particular the recommendation is not produced for containers with `ContainerScalingMode` set to 'Off'. properties: containerName: description: Name of the container. type: string lowerBound: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Minimum recommended amount of resources. Observes ContainerResourcePolicy. This amount is not guaranteed to be sufficient for the application to operate in a stable way, however running with less resources is likely to have significant impact on performance/availability. type: object target: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Recommended amount of resources. Observes ContainerResourcePolicy. type: object uncappedTarget: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: The most recent recommended resources target computed by the autoscaler for the controlled pods, based only on actual resource usage, not taking into account the ContainerResourcePolicy. May differ from the Recommendation if the actual resource usage causes the target to violate the ContainerResourcePolicy (lower than MinAllowed or higher that MaxAllowed). Used only as status indication, will not affect actual resource assignment. type: object upperBound: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Maximum recommended amount of resources. Observes ContainerResourcePolicy. Any resources allocated beyond this value are likely wasted. This value may be larger than the maximum amount of application is actually capable of consuming. type: object required: - target type: object type: array type: object type: object required: - spec type: object served: true storage: true subresources: {} - deprecated: true deprecationWarning: autoscaling.k8s.io/v1beta2 API is deprecated name: v1beta2 schema: openAPIV3Schema: description: VerticalPodAutoscaler is the configuration for a vertical pod autoscaler, which automatically manages pod resources based on historical and real time resource utilization. properties: apiVersion: description: 'APIVersion defines the versioned schema of this representation of an object. Servers should convert recognized schemas to the latest internal value, and may reject unrecognized values. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#resources' type: string kind: description: 'Kind is a string value representing the REST resource this object represents. Servers may infer this from the endpoint the client submits requests to. Cannot be updated. In CamelCase. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#types-kinds' type: string metadata: type: object spec: description: 'Specification of the behavior of the autoscaler. More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#spec-and-status.' properties: resourcePolicy: description: Controls how the autoscaler computes recommended resources. The resource policy may be used to set constraints on the recommendations for individual containers. If not specified, the autoscaler computes recommended resources for all containers in the pod, without additional constraints. properties: containerPolicies: description: Per-container resource policies. items: description: ContainerResourcePolicy controls how autoscaler computes the recommended resources for a specific container. properties: containerName: description: Name of the container or DefaultContainerResourcePolicy, in which case the policy is used by the containers that don't have their own policy specified. type: string maxAllowed: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Specifies the maximum amount of resources that will be recommended for the container. The default is no maximum. type: object minAllowed: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Specifies the minimal amount of resources that will be recommended for the container. The default is no minimum. type: object mode: description: Whether autoscaler is enabled for the container. The default is "Auto". enum: - Auto - "Off" type: string type: object type: array type: object targetRef: description: TargetRef points to the controller managing the set of pods for the autoscaler to control - e.g. Deployment, StatefulSet. VerticalPodAutoscaler can be targeted at controller implementing scale subresource (the pod set is retrieved from the controller's ScaleStatus) or some well known controllers (e.g. for DaemonSet the pod set is read from the controller's spec). If VerticalPodAutoscaler cannot use specified target it will report ConfigUnsupported condition. Note that VerticalPodAutoscaler does not require full implementation of scale subresource - it will not use it to modify the replica count. The only thing retrieved is a label selector matching pods grouped by the target resource. properties: apiVersion: description: API version of the referent type: string kind: description: 'Kind of the referent; More info: https://git.k8s.io/community/contributors/devel/sig-architecture/api-conventions.md#types-kinds"' type: string name: description: 'Name of the referent; More info: http://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/identifiers#names' type: string required: - kind - name type: object x-kubernetes-map-type: atomic updatePolicy: description: Describes the rules on how changes are applied to the pods. If not specified, all fields in the `PodUpdatePolicy` are set to their default values. properties: updateMode: description: Controls when autoscaler applies changes to the pod resources. The default is 'Auto'. enum: - "Off" - Initial - Recreate - Auto type: string type: object required: - targetRef type: object status: description: Current information about the autoscaler. properties: conditions: description: Conditions is the set of conditions required for this autoscaler to scale its target, and indicates whether or not those conditions are met. items: description: VerticalPodAutoscalerCondition describes the state of a VerticalPodAutoscaler at a certain point. properties: lastTransitionTime: description: lastTransitionTime is the last time the condition transitioned from one status to another format: date-time type: string message: description: message is a human-readable explanation containing details about the transition type: string reason: description: reason is the reason for the condition's last transition. type: string status: description: status is the status of the condition (True, False, Unknown) type: string type: description: type describes the current condition type: string required: - status - type type: object type: array recommendation: description: The most recently computed amount of resources recommended by the autoscaler for the controlled pods. properties: containerRecommendations: description: Resources recommended by the autoscaler for each container. items: description: RecommendedContainerResources is the recommendation of resources computed by autoscaler for a specific container. Respects the container resource policy if present in the spec. In particular the recommendation is not produced for containers with `ContainerScalingMode` set to 'Off'. properties: containerName: description: Name of the container. type: string lowerBound: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Minimum recommended amount of resources. Observes ContainerResourcePolicy. This amount is not guaranteed to be sufficient for the application to operate in a stable way, however running with less resources is likely to have significant impact on performance/availability. type: object target: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Recommended amount of resources. Observes ContainerResourcePolicy. type: object uncappedTarget: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: The most recent recommended resources target computed by the autoscaler for the controlled pods, based only on actual resource usage, not taking into account the ContainerResourcePolicy. May differ from the Recommendation if the actual resource usage causes the target to violate the ContainerResourcePolicy (lower than MinAllowed or higher that MaxAllowed). Used only as status indication, will not affect actual resource assignment. type: object upperBound: additionalProperties: anyOf: - type: integer - type: string pattern: ^(\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))(([KMGTPE]i)|[numkMGTPE]|([eE](\+|-)?(([0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?)|(\.[0-9]+))))?$ x-kubernetes-int-or-string: true description: Maximum recommended amount of resources. Observes ContainerResourcePolicy. Any resources allocated beyond this value are likely wasted. This value may be larger than the maximum amount of application is actually capable of consuming. type: object required: - target type: object type: array type: object type: object required: - spec type: object served: true storage: falseKubernetes versions earlier than 1.22
Expand to view the YAML template of CRD
apiVersion: apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: CustomResourceDefinition metadata: name: verticalpodautoscalers.autoscaling.k8s.io annotations: "api-approved.kubernetes.io": "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/63797" spec: group: autoscaling.k8s.io scope: Namespaced names: plural: verticalpodautoscalers singular: verticalpodautoscaler kind: VerticalPodAutoscaler shortNames: - vpa version: v1beta1 versions: - name: v1beta1 served: false storage: false - name: v1beta2 served: true storage: true - name: v1 served: true storage: false validation: # openAPIV3Schema is the schema for validating custom objects. openAPIV3Schema: type: object properties: spec: type: object required: [] properties: targetRef: type: object updatePolicy: type: object properties: updateMode: type: string resourcePolicy: type: object properties: containerPolicies: type: array items: type: object properties: containerName: type: string controlledValues: type: string enum: ["RequestsAndLimits", "RequestsOnly"] mode: type: string enum: ["Auto", "Off"] minAllowed: type: object maxAllowed: type: object controlledResources: type: array items: type: string enum: ["cpu", "memory"] --- apiVersion: apiextensions.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: CustomResourceDefinition metadata: name: verticalpodautoscalercheckpoints.autoscaling.k8s.io annotations: "api-approved.kubernetes.io": "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/pull/63797" spec: group: autoscaling.k8s.io scope: Namespaced names: plural: verticalpodautoscalercheckpoints singular: verticalpodautoscalercheckpoint kind: VerticalPodAutoscalerCheckpoint shortNames: - vpacheckpoint version: v1beta1 versions: - name: v1beta1 served: false storage: false - name: v1beta2 served: true storage: true - name: v1 served: true storage: falsekubectl apply -f crd.yamlInstall the admission-controller, recommender, and updater components of the ack-vertical-pod-autoscaler.
Kubernetes versions equal to or later than 1.22 and earlier than 1.26
Install admission-controller
apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: vpa-admission-controller namespace: kube-system spec: replicas: 1 selector: matchLabels: app: vpa-admission-controller template: metadata: labels: app: vpa-admission-controller spec: serviceAccountName: vpa-admission-controller securityContext: runAsNonRoot: true runAsUser: 65534 # nobody containers: - name: admission-controller image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/acs/vpa-admission-controller:0.13.0 imagePullPolicy: Always env: - name: NAMESPACE valueFrom: fieldRef: fieldPath: metadata.namespace volumeMounts: - name: tls-certs mountPath: "/etc/tls-certs" readOnly: true resources: limits: cpu: 200m memory: 500Mi requests: cpu: 50m memory: 200Mi ports: - containerPort: 8000 - name: prometheus containerPort: 8944 volumes: - name: tls-certs secret: secretName: vpa-tls-certs --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Service metadata: name: vpa-webhook namespace: kube-system spec: ports: - port: 443 targetPort: 8000 selector: app: vpa-admission-controllerInstall recommender
apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: vpa-recommender namespace: kube-system spec: replicas: 1 selector: matchLabels: app: vpa-recommender template: metadata: labels: app: vpa-recommender spec: serviceAccountName: vpa-recommender securityContext: runAsNonRoot: true runAsUser: 65534 # nobody containers: - name: recommender image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/acs/vpa-recommender:0.13.0 imagePullPolicy: Always resources: limits: cpu: 200m memory: 1000Mi requests: cpu: 50m memory: 500Mi ports: - name: prometheus containerPort: 8942Install updater
apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: vpa-updater namespace: kube-system spec: replicas: 1 selector: matchLabels: app: vpa-updater template: metadata: labels: app: vpa-updater spec: serviceAccountName: vpa-updater securityContext: runAsNonRoot: true runAsUser: 65534 # nobody containers: - name: updater image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/acs/vpa-updater:0.13.0 imagePullPolicy: Always env: - name: NAMESPACE valueFrom: fieldRef: fieldPath: metadata.namespace resources: limits: cpu: 200m memory: 1000Mi requests: cpu: 50m memory: 500Mi ports: - name: prometheus containerPort: 8943Kubernetes versions earlier than 1.22
Install admission-controller
apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: vpa-admission-controller namespace: kube-system spec: replicas: 1 selector: matchLabels: app: vpa-admission-controller template: metadata: labels: app: vpa-admission-controller spec: serviceAccountName: admin containers: - name: admission-controller image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/acs/vpa-admission-controller:0.7.0 imagePullPolicy: Always env: - name: NAMESPACE valueFrom: fieldRef: fieldPath: metadata.namespace volumeMounts: - name: tls-certs mountPath: "/etc/tls-certs" readOnly: true resources: limits: cpu: 200m memory: 500Mi requests: cpu: 50m memory: 200Mi ports: - containerPort: 8000 volumes: - name: tls-certs secret: secretName: vpa-tls-certs --- apiVersion: v1 kind: Service metadata: name: vpa-webhook namespace: kube-system spec: ports: - port: 443 targetPort: 8000 selector: app: vpa-admission-controllerInstall recommender
apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: vpa-recommender namespace: kube-system spec: replicas: 1 selector: matchLabels: app: vpa-recommender template: metadata: labels: app: vpa-recommender spec: serviceAccountName: admin containers: - name: recommender image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/acs/vpa-recommender:0.7.0 imagePullPolicy: Always resources: limits: cpu: 200m memory: 1000Mi requests: cpu: 50m memory: 500Mi ports: - containerPort: 8080Install updater
apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: vpa-updater namespace: kube-system spec: replicas: 1 selector: matchLabels: app: vpa-updater template: metadata: labels: app: vpa-updater spec: serviceAccountName: admin containers: - name: updater image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/acs/vpa-updater:0.7.0 imagePullPolicy: Always resources: limits: cpu: 200m memory: 1000Mi requests: cpu: 50m memory: 500Mi ports: - containerPort: 8080
Step 2: Verify the VPA is installed
Save the following YAML template and run the command to create a Deployment named nginx-deployment-basic:
Expand to view nginx-deployment-basic.yaml template
NoteLeave the
requestsandlimitsfields empty in the configuration of the Deployment.apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: nginx-deployment-basic labels: app: nginx spec: replicas: 2 selector: matchLabels: app: nginx template: metadata: labels: app: nginx spec: containers: - name: nginx image: nginx:1.7.9 ports: - containerPort: 80kubectl apply -f nginx-deployment-basic.yamlSave the following YAML template and run the command to create a VPA resource named nginx-deployment-basic-vpa:
Expand to view nginx-deployment-basic-vpa.yaml template
NoteYou can set
updateModetoOfforAutoas needed.Off(recommended): Recommends pod resource request and limit configurations based on cluster resource consumption but does not automatically update pod resource configurations.Auto: Recommends pod resource request and limit configurations based on cluster resource consumption and automatically updates pod resource configurations.
apiVersion: autoscaling.k8s.io/v1 kind: VerticalPodAutoscaler metadata: name: nginx-deployment-basic-vpa spec: targetRef: apiVersion: "apps/v1" kind: Deployment name: nginx-deployment-basic updatePolicy: updateMode: "Off" # Set to off.kubectl apply -f nginx-deployment-basic-vpa.yamlRun the following command to query the
requestsvalues of CPU and memory resources that VPA recommends for the Deployment:kubectl describe vpa nginx-deployment-basic-vpaThe expected output may take about two minutes. The following output shows an example of the recommended resource requests:
Expand to view the expected output
Recommendation: Container Recommendations: Container Name: nginx Lower Bound: Cpu: 25m Memory: 262144k Target: Cpu: 25m Memory: 262144k Uncapped Target: Cpu: 25m Memory: 262144k Upper Bound: Cpu: 11601m Memory: 12128573170You can specify resource
requestsfor the Deployment based on the recommendation. VPA continuously monitors the resource usage of the Deployment and provides optimization suggestions.
How to use the console to manage the VPA installed using kubectl?
For clusters that run Kubernetes 1.26 or later, we recommend that you use the console to install the ack-vertical-pod-autoscaler component and manage the VPA. You must uninstall the existing VPA installed using kubectl, and reinstall it through the console to avoid conflicts between the new and existing VPAs.
Expand to view the procedure
Step 1: Uninstall the VPA deployed in the cluster
Uninstall the VPA deployed in the cluster, including clearing resources such as Deployments, RBAC permissions, Secrets, CRDs, and Services, to avoid conflicts when you deploy a new version of the VPA.
In the YAML file of the existing VPA as shown in the example of nginx-deployment-basic-vpa.yaml below, in the
metadatafield, keep only thenameandnamespacefields and remove all other information. In addition, delete the information in thestatusfield. Then, save this YAML file for subsequent steps.apiVersion: autoscaling.k8s.io/v1 kind: VerticalPodAutoscaler metadata: annotations: kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: | {"apiVersion":"autoscaling.k8s.io/v1","kind":"VerticalPodAutoscaler","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"nginx-deployment-basic-vpa","namespace":"default"},"spec":{"targetRef":{"apiVersion":"apps/v1","kind":"Deployment","name":"nginx-deployment-basic"},"updatePolicy":{"updateMode":"Off"}}} creationTimestamp: "2024-02-29T06:03:35Z" generation: 1 name: nginx-deployment-basic-vpa namespace: default resourceVersion: "56264" uid: 9f128737-d12e-46f6-b254-c1a7505c19c6 spec: targetRef: apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment name: nginx-deployment-basic updatePolicy: updateMode: "Off" status: conditions: - lastTransitionTime: "2024-02-29T06:03:55Z" status: "True" type: RecommendationProvided recommendation: containerRecommendations: - containerName: nginx lowerBound: cpu: 25m memory: 262144k target: cpu: 25m memory: 262144k uncappedTarget: cpu: 25m memory: 262144k upperBound: cpu: 25m memory: 262144kkubectl get vpa nginx-deployment-basic-vpa -oyamlRun the following command to delete the resources installed by the VPA:
// Delete Deployment and Service kubectl delete deployment vpa-admission-controller vpa-recommender vpa-updater -n kube-system kubectl delete svc vpa-webhook -n kube-system // Delete ClusterRole kubectl delete clusterrole system:metrics-reader system:vpa-actor system:vpa-status-actor system:vpa-checkpoint-actor system:evictioner system:vpa-target-reader system:vpa-admission-controller system:vpa-status-reader // Delete ClusterRoleBinding kubectl delete clusterrolebinding system:metrics-reader system:vpa-actor system:vpa-status-actor system:vpa-checkpoint-actor system:vpa-target-reader-binding system:vpa-evictioner-binding system:vpa-admission-controller system:vpa-status-reader-binding // Delete ServiceAccount kubectl delete sa vpa-admission-controller vpa-recommender vpa-updater -n kube-system // Delete Secret kubectl delete secret vpa-tls-certs -n kube-system // Delete CRD kubectl delete crd verticalpodautoscalercheckpoints.autoscaling.k8s.io verticalpodautoscalers.autoscaling.k8s.io
Step 2: Install the ack-vertical-pod-autoscaler component
Log on to the ACK console. In the left-side navigation pane, click Clusters.
On the Clusters page, find the cluster that you want to manage and click its name. In the left-side navigation pane, choose Operations > Add-ons.
On the Add-ons page, find the ack-vertical-pod-autoscaler and complete the installation as prompted.
Step 3: Redeploy the YAML file of VPA
Run the following command to redeploy the YAML file saved in Step 1: Uninstall the VPA deployed in the cluster. This step uses nginx-deployment-basic-vpa.yaml as an example:
kubectl apply -f nginx-deployment-basic-vpa.yamlReferences
If you need to scale pods based on CPU utilization, memory usage, or other custom metrics, see Implement horizontal pod autoscaling.
If your application resource usage has periodic changes and you need to scale pods regularly according to a Crontab-like strategy, see Use CronHPA for scheduled horizontal scaling.
If your application resource usage has periodic changes that are difficult to define by rules, you can use Advanced Horizontal Pod Autoscaling (AHPA) to automatically identify resource usage cycles and scale pods based on historical metrics. For more information, see AHPA overview.
If you need to flexibly customize scaling policies for pods based on message queues, timing strategies, custom metrics, and other Kubernetes events, see ACK KEDA.