All Products
Search
Document Center

Elastic Compute Service:Install cloud-init

Last Updated:Oct 31, 2024

cloud-init is an open source initialization tool that automates initialization operations for Linux operating systems, such as generating an initial password, configuring the hostname, and running user data scripts. If you want to migrate an on-premises custom image on which cloud-init is not installed to Alibaba Cloud, you can manually install cloud-init. If you do not install cloud-init, Elastic Compute Service (ECS) instances created from the custom image cannot automatically perform initialization tasks such as configuring the hostname and network settings. This may affect the efficiency of automated deployment and configuration of the ECS instances. This topic describes how to install cloud-init in Linux operating systems.

For more information about cloud-init, see Cloud-init documentation.

Scenarios

By default, cloud-init is installed on all Alibaba Cloud public images. To ensure that ECS instances created from on-premises custom images can automatically initialize system configurations, we recommend that you install cloud-init on the source Linux servers of the custom images or on the created ECS instances in the following scenarios:

  • Cloud-init is not installed on the Linux servers that you want to migrate to Alibaba Cloud.

    Before you migrate a Linux server on which cloud-init is not installed to Alibaba Cloud, install cloud-init on the server. This way, ECS instances that are created based on the Linux server can be automatically initialized during system boot.

    Note

    If you do not want to migrate a Linux server to Alibaba Cloud, installing cloud-init on the server may cause unnecessary complexity or resource usage. Determine whether to install cloud-init based on your actual environment.

  • Cloud-init 0.7.9 or earlier is installed on Linux servers.

    In most cases, more recent cloud-init versions include more features and fixes to ensure compatibility with the latest cloud platform features. If cloud-init of an outdated version is installed on your Linux server, we recommend that you upgrade cloud-init to a version later than 0.7.9 to maximize compatibility and security.

  • Cloud-init is not installed on ECS instances.

    If cloud-init is not installed on an ECS instance, we recommend that you install cloud-init on the instance to ensure that the instance can be automatically initialized.

Step 1: Check whether cloud-init needs to be installed or upgraded

  1. Log on to the source server.

  2. Check whether cloud-init is installed on the source server.

    CentOS series

    rpm -qa | grep -i cloud-init 
    pip list | grep -i cloud-init

    Ubuntu series

    dpkg -l | grep -i cloud-init 
    pip list | grep -i cloud-init
    • If no version number is returned or the version of cloud-init is 0.7.9 or earlier, proceed to Step 2: Install cloud-init.

      Important

      cloud-init 0.7.9 is an initial version of the native cloud-init, which is not suitable for ECS instances and must be upgraded.

    • If cloud-init 18 or later is used, cloud-init can automatically configure networks during instance initialization. If the network configurations do not meet your business requirements, you can modify the configurations. For more information, see the Customize network configurations section of this topic.

    • If cloud-init 19.1.21 is used, we recommend that you upgrade to Alibaba Cloud cloud-init 23.2.2. Compared with Alibaba Cloud cloud-init 19.1.21, Alibaba Cloud cloud-init 23.2.2 provides the following improvements and new features:

      • Cloud-init 23.2.2 allows you to access instance metadata in security hardening mode. For information about instance metadata, see Obtain instance metadata.

      • Other feature enhancements, performance improvements, error fixes, and community contributions. For more information, see ChangeLog.

    • If other version numbers of cloud-init are returned, perform the operations that are described in the What to do next section of this topic.

  3. To prevent data loss caused by misoperations during cloud-init installation, we recommend that you back up the data of the source server in advance. For example, you can create snapshots to back up the data of the source server.

Step 2: Install cloud-init

  • (Recommended) Alibaba Cloud cloud-init 23.2.2: This version requires Python 3.6 or later and uses Aliyun as the data source.

  • Alibaba Cloud cloud-init 19.1.21: This version requires Python 3.6 or later and uses Aliyun as the data source.

  • Alibaba Cloud cloud-init 0.7.6a17: Install this version of cloud-init on specific earlier operating system versions, such as CentOS 6, Debian 9, and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES) 12. Alibaba Cloud cloud-init 0.7.6a17 requires Python 2.7 and uses Aliyun as the data source.

    Important

    The Python community no longer provides technical support for Python 2.7. To prevent risks that are associated with dependency libraries, we recommend that you use more recent versions of cloud-init.

  • Native cloud-init: The community versions of cloud-init are official versions that are publicly available and maintained by the community of developers who contribute to the project. The most recent version of Alibaba Cloud cloud-init is 23.2.2. If you want to use a more recent version of cloud-init, install a community version of cloud-init. For more information, visit the official cloud-init website.

Alibaba Cloud cloud-init is optimized for and can provide better support for Alibaba Cloud services. To ensure compatibility, we recommend that you use Alibaba Cloud cloud-init. Select a cloud-init version to install based on your business requirements.

(Recommended) Install Alibaba Cloud cloud-init 23.2.2

The most recent version of Alibaba Cloud cloud-init is 23.2.2. Alibaba Cloud cloud-init 23.2.2 is maintained as a package. You can download a package that is suitable for your operating system version or use the source code package to install Alibaba Cloud cloud-init 23.2.2.

Download links of Alibaba Cloud cloud-init 23.2.2 packages for different operating systems

Operating system distribution

Operating system version

Binary package

MD5 checksum

Source code package

Debian

12

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/debian12/cloud-init_23.2.2-5_all.deb

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/debian12/cloud-init_23.2.2-5_all.deb.md5sum

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/debian12/debian12-cloud-init_23.2.2-5-bd18eafc764973b6cef608786eac317e63ec22c0.tar.gz

11

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/debian11/cloud-init_23.2.2-5_all.deb

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/debian11/cloud-init_23.2.2-5_all.deb.md5sum

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/debian11/debian11-cloud-init_23.2.2-5-bd18eafc764973b6cef608786eac317e63ec22c0.tar.gz

CentOS Stream

9

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/centosstream9/cloud-init-23.2.2-5.el9.noarch.rpm

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/centosstream9/cloud-init-23.2.2-5.el9.noarch.rpm.md5sum

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/centosstream9/centosstream9-cloud-init_23.2.2-5-bd18eafc764973b6cef608786eac317e63ec22c0.tar.gz

8

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/centosstream8/cloud-init-23.2.2-5.el8.noarch.rpm

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/centosstream8/cloud-init-23.2.2-5.el8.noarch.rpm.md5sum

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/centosstream8/centosstream8-cloud-init_23.2.2-5-bd18eafc764973b6cef608786eac317e63ec22c0.tar.gz

Fedora

40

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/fedora40/cloud-init-23.2.2-5.fc40.noarch.rpm

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/fedora40/cloud-init-23.2.2-5.fc40.noarch.rpm.md5sum

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/fedora40/fedora40-cloud-init_23.2.2-5-5febbb46a4cdcb4716dc5a73359a5a73e454607a.tar.gz

39

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/fedora39/cloud-init-23.2.2-5.fc39.noarch.rpm

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/fedora39/cloud-init-23.2.2-5.fc39.noarch.rpm.md5sum

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/fedora39/fedora39-cloud-init_23.2.2-5-bd18eafc764973b6cef608786eac317e63ec22c0.tar.gz

38

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/fedora38/cloud-init-23.2.2-5.fc38.noarch.rpm

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/fedora38/cloud-init-23.2.2-5.fc38.noarch.rpm.md5sum

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/fedora38/fedora38-cloud-init_23.2.2-5-bd18eafc764973b6cef608786eac317e63ec22c0.tar.gz

AlmaLinux

9

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/almalinux9/cloud-init-23.2.2-5.el9.noarch.rpm

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/almalinux9/cloud-init-23.2.2-5.el9.noarch.rpm.md5sum

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/almalinux9/almalinux9-cloud-init_23.2.2-5-bd18eafc764973b6cef608786eac317e63ec22c0.tar.gz

8

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/almalinux8/cloud-init-23.2.2-5.el8.noarch.rpm

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/almalinux8/cloud-init-23.2.2-5.el8.noarch.rpm.md5sum

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/almalinux8/almalinux8-cloud-init_23.2.2-5-bd18eafc764973b6cef608786eac317e63ec22c0.tar.gz

Rocky Linux

9

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/rockylinux9/cloud-init-23.2.2-5.el9.noarch.rpm

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/rockylinux9/cloud-init-23.2.2-5.el9.noarch.rpm.md5sum

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/rockylinux9/rockylinux9-cloud-init_23.2.2-5-bd18eafc764973b6cef608786eac317e63ec22c0.tar.gz

8

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/rockylinux8/cloud-init-23.2.2-5.el8.noarch.rpm

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/rockylinux8/cloud-init-23.2.2-5.el8.noarch.rpm.md5sum

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/rockylinux8/rockylinux8-cloud-init_23.2.2-5-bd18eafc764973b6cef608786eac317e63ec22c0.tar.gz

Ubuntu

24

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/ubuntu24/cloud-init_23.2.2-5_all.deb

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/ubuntu24/cloud-init_23.2.2-5_all.deb.md5sum

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/ubuntu24/ubuntu24-cloud-init_23.2.2-5-bd18eafc764973b6cef608786eac317e63ec22c0.tar.gz

22

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/ubuntu22/cloud-init_23.2.2-5_all.deb

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/ubuntu22/cloud-init_23.2.2-5_all.deb.md5sum

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/ubuntu22/ubuntu22-cloud-init_23.2.2-5-bd18eafc764973b6cef608786eac317e63ec22c0.tar.gz

20

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/ubuntu20/cloud-init_23.2.2-5_all.deb

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/ubuntu20/cloud-init_23.2.2-5_all.deb.md5sum

https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/ubuntu20/ubuntu20-cloud-init_23.2.2-5-bd18eafc764973b6cef608786eac317e63ec22c0.tar.gz

The following sections describe how to download the binary packages of cloud-init and install cloud-init on Debian 12 and CentOS Stream 9.

Debian 12

  1. Run the following command to download the Alibaba Cloud cloud-init package:

    wget https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/debian12/cloud-init_23.2.2-5_all.deb
  2. Run the following command to install the Alibaba Cloud cloud-init package:

    sudo apt-get install -y ./cloud-init_23.2.2-5_all.deb
  3. (Optional) To prevent the Alibaba Cloud cloud-init package from being automatically updated or upgraded to a more recent open source version, we recommend that you run the following command to hold the package at the current version:

    sudo apt-mark hold cloud-init
  4. Run the following command to check whether the cloud-init version is as expected:

    cloud-init --version

CentOS Stream 9

  1. Run the following command to download the Alibaba Cloud cloud-init package:

    wget https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/centosstream9/cloud-init-23.2.2-5.el9.noarch.rpm
  2. Run the following command to install the Alibaba Cloud cloud-init package:

    sudo yum install -y ./cloud-init-23.2.2-5.el9.noarch.rpm
  3. (Optional) To prevent the Alibaba Cloud cloud-init package from being automatically updated or upgraded to a more recent open source version, we recommend that you run the following command to hold the package at the current version:

    sudo sh -c 'echo "exclude=cloud-init" >> /etc/dnf/dnf.conf'
  4. Run the following command to check whether the cloud-init version is as expected:

    cloud-init --version
Note

Alibaba Cloud cloud-init 23.2.2 no longer automatically adds hostname-to-private IPv4 address mappings to the /etc/hosts file. You can manually add the mappings to the file based on your business requirements. In recent operating system versions, the nss-myhostname module is used to provide hostname resolution. In Red Hat operating systems, the nss-myhostname module is included in the systemd-libs package. In Debian operating systems, the nss-myhostname module is included in the libnss-myhostname package. The /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file is used to enable the nss-myhostname module. For more information, see nss-myhostname(8) - Linux manual page.

Install Alibaba Cloud cloud-init 19.1.21

  1. Make sure that the python-pip dependency library is installed on the source server.

    In the examples, the python3-pip dependency library is used. Run one of the following commands to install the python-pip dependency library based on the operating system of the source server.

    CentOS and Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)

    sudo yum -y install python3-pip

    Ubuntu and Debian

    sudo apt-get -y install python3-pip

    openSUSE and SUSE

    sudo zypper -n install python3-pip
  2. Run the following command to download the Alibaba Cloud cloud-init installation package:

    wget https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/cloud-init-19.1.21.tgz
  3. Run the following command to decompress the Alibaba Cloud cloud-init installation package to the current directory:

    tar -zxvf cloud-init-19.1.21.tgz
  4. Run the following commands to go to the cloud-init directory and install the dependency library:

    cd ./cloud-init-19.1.21
    pip3 install -r ./requirements.txt
  5. Run the following command to go to the tools subdirectory of the cloud-init directory:

    cd ./tools
  6. Run the following command to execute the deploy.sh script to install Alibaba Cloud cloud-init:

    sudo bash ./deploy.sh <issue> <major_version>

    The following table describes the parameters and the corresponding values in the deploy.sh script.

    Parameter

    Description

    Example

    <issue>

    The type of the operating system. Valid values: centos, redhat, rhel, debian, ubuntu, opensuse, and sles. The value of this parameter is case-sensitive. sles specifies SUSE or SLES.

    Note

    If the operating system is CentOS Stream, set this parameter to centos.

    centos

    <major_version>

    The major version number of the operating system.

    Note

    You cannot install Alibaba Cloud cloud-init 19.1.21 on Ubuntu 14.

    The major version number of CentOS 7.6 is 7.

    For example, if the current operating system is CentOS 7, run the sudo bash ./deploy.sh centos 7 command.

  7. Check whether Alibaba Cloud cloud-init is installed.

    If Alibaba Cloud cloud-init is installed, "description": "success" is returned.阿里云cloud-init安装成功

  8. Run the following command to check whether the cloud-init version is as expected:

    cloud-init --version

The following section provides sample shell scripts that you can use to install Alibaba Cloud cloud-init on different Linux distributions. Modify the shell script based on the operating system.

CentOS 7 and CentOS 8

# Check whether the python3-pip dependency library is installed. If the python3-pip dependency library is not installed, install the dependency library.
if !  python3 -c 'import setuptools' >& /dev/null; then
  yum -y install python3-pip
fi
# Back up cloud-init of an earlier version.
test -d /etc/cloud && mv /etc/cloud /etc/cloud-old
# Download and decompress the Alibaba Cloud cloud-init installation package.
wget https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/cloud-init-19.1.21.tgz
tar -zxvf ./cloud-init-19.1.21.tgz
# Install Alibaba Cloud cloud-init.
issue_major=$( cat /etc/redhat-release | grep -Eo '[0-9]+\.?[0-9]+' | head -1 | awk -F'.' '{printf $1}')
bash ./cloud-init-*/tools/deploy.sh centos "$issue_major"

RHEL 7 and RHEL 8

# Check whether the python3-pip dependency library is installed. If the python3-pip dependency library is not installed, install the dependency library.
if !  python3 -c 'import setuptools' >& /dev/null; then
  yum -y install python3-pip
fi
# Back up cloud-init of an earlier version.
test -d /etc/cloud && mv /etc/cloud /etc/cloud-old
# Download and decompress the Alibaba Cloud cloud-init installation package.
wget https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/cloud-init-19.1.21.tgz
tar -zxvf ./cloud-init-19.1.21.tgz
# Install Alibaba Cloud cloud-init.
issue_major=$( cat /etc/os-release | grep VERSION_ID | grep -Eo '[0-9]+\.?[0-9]+' | head -1 | awk -F'.' '{printf $1}')
bash ./cloud-init-*/tools/deploy.sh rhel "$issue_major"

Ubuntu 16, Ubuntu 18, and Ubuntu 20

# Check whether the python3-pip dependency library is installed. If the python3-pip dependency library is not installed, install the dependency library.
if !  python3 -c 'import setuptools' >& /dev/null; then
  apt-get install python36 python3-pip -y
fi
# Back up cloud-init of an earlier version.
test -d /etc/cloud && mv /etc/cloud /etc/cloud-old
# Download and decompress the Alibaba Cloud cloud-init installation package.
wget https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/cloud-init-19.1.21.tgz
tar -zxvf ./cloud-init-19.1.21.tgz
# Install Alibaba Cloud cloud-init.
issue_major=$( cat /etc/os-release | grep VERSION_ID | grep -Eo '[0-9]+\.?[0-9]+' | head -1 | awk -F'.' '{printf $1}')
bash ./cloud-init-*/tools/deploy.sh ubuntu "$issue_major"

Debian 9 and Debian 10

# Check whether the python3-pip dependency library is installed. If the python3-pip dependency library is not installed, install the dependency library.
if !  python3 -c 'import setuptools' >& /dev/null; then
  apt-get -y install python3-pip
fi
# Back up cloud-init of an earlier version.
test -d /etc/cloud && mv /etc/cloud /etc/cloud-old
# Download and decompress the Alibaba Cloud cloud-init installation package.
wget https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/cloud-init-19.1.21.tgz
tar -zxvf ./cloud-init-19.1.21.tgz
# Install Alibaba Cloud cloud-init.
issue_major=$( cat /etc/os-release | grep VERSION_ID | grep -Eo '[0-9]+\.?[0-9]+' | head -1 | awk -F'.' '{printf $1}')
bash ./cloud-init-*/tools/deploy.sh debian "$issue_major"

SUSE 12 and SUSE 15

# Check whether the python3-pip dependency library is installed. If the python3-pip dependency library is not installed, install the dependency library.
if !  python3 -c 'import setuptools'>& /dev/null; then
  zypper -n install python3-pip
fi
# Back up cloud-init of an earlier version.
test -d /etc/cloud && mv /etc/cloud/etc/cloud-old
# Download and decompress the Alibaba Cloud cloud-init installation package.
wget https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/cloud-init-19.1.21.tgz
tar -zxvf ./cloud-init-19.1.21.tgz
# Install Alibaba Cloud cloud-init.
issue_major=$( cat /etc/os-release | grep VERSION_ID | grep -Eo '[0-9]+\.?[0-9]+' | head -1 | awk -F'.' '{printf $1}')
bash ./cloud-init-*/tools/deploy.sh sles "$issue_major"

openSUSE 15

# Check whether the python3-pip dependency library is installed. If the python3-pip dependency library is not installed, install the dependency library.
if !  python3 -c 'import setuptools'>& /dev/null; then
  zypper -n install python3-pip
fi
# Back up cloud-init of an earlier version.
test -d /etc/cloud && mv /etc/cloud/etc/cloud-old
# Download and decompress the Alibaba Cloud cloud-init installation package.
wget https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloudinit/cloud-init-19.1.21.tgz
tar -zxvf ./cloud-init-19.1.21.tgz
# Install Alibaba Cloud cloud-init.
issue_major=$( cat /etc/os-release | grep VERSION_ID | grep -Eo '[0-9]+\.?[0-9]+' | head -1 | awk -F'.' '{printf $1}')
bash ./cloud-init-*/tools/deploy.sh opensuse"$issue_major"

Install Alibaba Cloud cloud-init 0.7.6a17

Note

By default, Alibaba Cloud cloud-init-0.7.6a17 is installed on Alibaba Cloud public images for CentOS 6, Debian 9, and SLES 12. If you want to test Alibaba Cloud cloud-init 0.7.6a17, run the sudo mv /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg_bak command to back up the configuration file first.

  1. Run the following command to check whether the operating system version is CentOS 6, Debian 9, or SLES 12:

    cat /etc/issue
  2. Make sure that the python-pip dependency library is installed on the source server.

    In this example, the python2-pip dependency library is used. Run the following command to install the python2-pip dependency library:

    CentOS 6 and SLES 12

    sudo yum -y install python2-pip

    Debian 9

    sudo apt-get -y install python2-pip
  3. Run the following commands to download and decompress the Alibaba Cloud cloud-init 0.7.6a17 installation package:

    wget https://ecs-image-tools.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/cloud-init-0.7.6a17.tgz
    tar -zxvf cloud-init-0.7.6a17.tgz
  4. Run the following command to go to the tools subdirectory of the cloud-init directory:

    cd cloud-init-0.7.6a17/tools/
  5. Run the following command to execute the deploy.sh script to install Alibaba Cloud cloud-init:

    sudo bash ./deploy.sh <issue> <major_version>

    For example, if the current operating system is CentOS 6, run the sudo bash ./deploy.sh centos 6 command to install Alibaba Cloud cloud-init.

    The following table describes the parameters and the corresponding values in the deploy.sh script.

    Parameter

    Description

    Example

    <issue>

    The type of the operating system. Valid values: centos, debian, and sles. The value of this parameter is case-sensitive. sles specifies SUSE or SLES.

    centos

    <major_version>

    The major version number of the operating system.

    The major version number of CentOS 6.5 is 6.

  6. Run the following command to check whether the cloud-init version is as expected:

    cloud-init --version

Install native cloud-init

  1. Make sure that the Git, Python, and python-pip dependency libraries are installed on the source server.

    In the examples, Git, Python 3.6, and python3-pip are used. Run the following commands to install Git, Python, and python-pip dependency libraries for specific Linux distributions.

    CentOS and RHEL

    sudo yum -y install git python36 python3-pip

    Ubuntu and Debian

    sudo apt-get -y install git python36 python3-pip

    openSUSE and SUSE

    sudo zypper -n install git python36 python3-pip
  2. Run the following command to download the cloud-init source code repository from Git:

    git clone https://git.launchpad.net/cloud-init
  3. Run the following command to go to the cloud-init directory:

    cd ./cloud-init
  4. Run the following command to install all required dependency libraries:

    sudo pip3 install -r ./requirements.txt
  5. Run the following command to install cloud-init:

    python3 setup.py install
  6. Modify the cloud.cfg configuration file.

    1. Open the cloud.cfg configuration file.

      sudo vi /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg

      vi /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg

    2. Replace the content that precedes cloud_init_modules: with the following content:

      # Example datasource config
      # The top level settings are used as module
      # and system configuration.
      # A set of users which may be applied and/or used by various modules
      # when a 'default' entry is found it will reference the 'default_user'
      # from the distro configuration specified below
      users:
         - default
      user:
          name: root
          lock_passwd: False
      # If this is set, 'root' will not be able to ssh in and they 
      # will get a message to login instead as the above $user
      disable_root: false
      # This will cause the set+update hostname module to not operate (if true)
      preserve_hostname: false
      syslog_fix_perms: root:root
      datasource_list: [ AliYun ]
      # Example datasource config
      datasource:
          AliYun:
              support_xen: false
              timeout: 5 # (defaults to 50 seconds)
              max_wait: 60 # (defaults to 120 seconds)
      #      metadata_urls: [ 'blah.com' ]
      # The modules that run in the 'init' stage
      cloud_init_modules:
  7. Run the following command to check whether the cloud-init version is as expected:

    cloud-init --version

(Optional) Step 3: Configure cloud-init

Customize network configurations

In cloud-init 18 and later versions, initialization is performed to automatically apply the following network settings: BOOTPROTO=dhcp DEVICE=eth0 ONBOOT=yes STARTMODE=auto TYPE=Ethernet USERCTL=no. If the default network settings do not meet your business requirements, you can perform the following operations to modify the cloud-init configuration file to customize the network settings:

  1. After you install cloud-init, open the /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg file.

    sudo vim /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg
  2. Press the I key to enter Insert mode. Add the following disabled configuration before Example datasource config to disable automatic network configuration:

    network:
      config: disabled

    cloud-init-disable-config

    After you add the configuration, you must manually manage the network configuration files such as ifcfg-eth0 in the /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ directory because cloud-init does not manage the network configurations.

  3. Press the Esc key to exit Insert mode, enter :wq, and then press the Enter key to save and close the cloud-init configuration file.

  4. Customize the network settings in the /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ directory, such as the IP address, subnet mask, and gateway, based on your business requirements.

Retain the hostname and the /etc/hosts configuration file

By default, cloud-init automatically modifies the hostname and /etc/hosts file of an ECS instance on instance startup. If you do not want to modify the hostname or /etc/hosts file of your ECS instance, you can perform the following operations to modify the cloud-init configuration file:

  1. After you install cloud-init, open the /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg file.

    sudo vim /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg
  2. Press the I key to enter Insert mode and change preserve_hostname: false to preserve_hostname: true.

    hostname

    The preserve_hostname: true configuration prevents cloud-init from modifying the instance hostname and the /etc/hosts file.

  3. Press the Esc key to exit Insert mode, enter :wq, and then press the Enter key to save and close the cloud-init configuration file.

What to do next

  • You can use Server Migration Center (SMC) to migrate Linux servers to Alibaba Cloud. For more information, see Migrate a server to an ECS instance.

  • After you install a cloud-init version for a Linux server on which a cloud-init version earlier than 0.7.9 is installed, run the following command to check whether the new cloud-init version is installed as expected: If the new cloud-init version number is returned in the command output, the new cloud-init version is installed.

    cloud-init --version

    For example, you installed Alibaba Cloud cloud-init 19.1.21. If the command output contains 19.1.21, cloud-init 19.1.21 is installed.

  • After you install cloud-init on an ECS instance that runs a Linux custom image, you can restart the instance to check whether cloud-init is installed as expected. If the hostname, network settings, and Network Time Protocol (NTP) settings of the ECS instance can be automatically configured, cloud-init is installed as expected. For example, run the following cat command to view the network configuration file after the ECS instance is restarted:

    sudo reboot
    cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

    The following command output shows that the system automatically configured network settings such as DHCP, network device, and device type, which indicates that cloud-init is installed as expected.

    BOOTPROTO=dhcp
    DEVICE=eth0
    ONBOOT=yes
    STARTMODE=auto
    TYPE=Ethernet
    USERCTL=no

FAQ

  • What do I do if the required dependency libraries are missing after I use Python 3 to install cloud-init?

    The dependency libraries that are missing may vary based on the image. You can use pip to install the missing dependency libraries and then re-install cloud-init.

  • What do I do if cloud-init does not run as expected and an error message is returned?

    If different versions of dependency libraries are installed by using the default software package manager (such as YUM) and the pip manager, library version conflicts may occur and cause errors in cloud-init. We recommend that you download dependency libraries based on the error message.

    Error message

    Cause

    Troubleshooting command

    no setuptools module in python

    The python setuptools module is missing.

    For example, if you use Python 3.6, run one of the following commands based on the operating system to install the python setuptools module:

    • CentOS and Red Hat: yum -y install python3-pip

    • Ubuntu and Debian: apt-get -y install python3-pip

    • openSUSE and SUSE: zypper -n install python3-pip

    File "/home/testuser/cloud-init/cloudinit/log.py", line 19, in <module>
          import six
      ImportError: No module named six  )

    The six dependency library is missing.

    pip3 install six
    File "/home/testuser/cloud-init/cloudinit/url_helper.py", line 20, in <module>
          import oauthlib.oauth1 as oauth1
      ImportError: No module named oauthlib.oauth1  )

    The oauthlib dependency library is missing.

    pip3 install oauthlib

    No indication of a missing dependency library.

    The error message does not indicate a cause.

    Run the following command to install all dependency libraries that are displayed in the requirements.txt file of cloud-init:

    pip3 install -r requirements.txt
  • What do I do if cloud-init does not run as expected on an ECS instance after I install a new version of Python 3 on the instance?

    If you install a new version of Python 3 such as Python 3.9 on an ECS instance and create a symbolic link (such as ln -s /usr/bin/python3.9 /usr/bin/python3) for the version to configure the installed version as the default version, cloud-init does not run as expected on the instance. For example, when you run the cloud-init --version command, an error is reported.

    $cloud-init --version
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "/usr/local/bin/cloud-init", line 33, in <module>
        sys.exit(load_entry_point('cloud-init==19.1.9', 'console_scripts', 'cloud-init')())
      File "/usr/local/bin/cloud-init", line 22, in importlib_load_entry_point
        for entry_point in distribution(dist_name).entry_points
      File "/usr/lib64/python3.9/importlib/metadata.py", line 524, in distribution
        return Distribution.from_name(distribution_name)
      File "/usr/lib64/python3.9/importlib/metadata.py", line 187, in from_name
        raise PackageNotFoundError(name)
    importlib.metadata.PackageNotFoundError: cloud-init

    You can use one of the following methods to resolve the issue:

    • Method 1: Use the new version of Python 3 to re-install cloud-init.

    • Method 2: Modify the cloud-init executable file to set the Python interpreter path to the path of an earlier Python 3 version. In this example, Python 3.6 is used. Perform the following operations to change the Python interpreter path in the cloud-init executable file:

      1. Run the following command to open the cloud-init executable file:

        vim   /usr/local/bin/cloud-init
      2. Press the I key to enter Insert mode. At the beginning of the executable file, replace the content that follows #! with the path of Python 3.6.

        Example of the new content on the line that starts with #!:

        #!/usr/bin/python3.6
      3. Press the Esc key to exit Insert mode, enter :wq, and then press the Enter key to save and close the file.

  • What do I do if the user data that I specified for an instance during instance creation does not or cannot run after I install cloud-init on the instance?

    1. Run the following command on the instance to check whether the user data exists in the instance metadata:

      curl http://100.100.100.200/latest/user-data

      Command output:

      • If the user data exists in the instance metadata, the command output contains the user data. In this case, perform other operations to troubleshoot the issue.

      • If the user data does not exist in the instance metadata, no command output is returned.

    2. Identify the reason why the user data does not or cannot run.

      • Check whether the user data is in a valid format.

        The user data must be in a valid format to allow cloud-init to run the user data. For example, the first line of the user data must start with #!. For more information, see the Formats and running frequencies of user data section of the "Instance user data" topic.

      • Check the execution result of the user data in the /var/log/cloud-init.log file of cloud-init and troubleshoot the issue based on the returned error message.

        Example of the execution result of the user data in the log file:

         util.py[DEBUG]: Running command ['/var/lib/cloud/instance/scripts/part-001'] with allowed return codes [0] (shell=False, capture=False)
      • Check the standard output (stdout) and standard error (stderr) generated when the user data was running.

        In systemd (a system initialization tool of Linux), user data is run by the cloud-final.service system service. You can run the following command to check the stdout and stderr generated when the user data was running. Then, you can troubleshoot the issue based on the command output.

        journalctl -u cloud-final.service
      • If you cannot identify the reason why the user data does not or cannot run after you perform the preceding operations, we recommend that you copy the user data to your on-premises computer and check whether the user data can run on the computer.

  • What do I do if the system configurations of an instance cannot be initialized and the user data script cannot run after cloud-init is installed on the instance?

    1. Run the following commands to check whether the four cloud-init services are configured to automatically run on system startup:

      systemctl is-enabled cloud-init-local.service
      systemctl is-enabled cloud-init.service
      systemctl is-enabled cloud-config.service
      systemctl is-enabled cloud-final.service

      If an error message or disabled is displayed for a cloud-init service, the service is not configured to automatically run on system startup.

    2. Run the following commands to configure the four cloud-init services to automatically run on system startup:

      systemctl enable cloud-init-local.service
      systemctl enable cloud-init.service
      systemctl enable cloud-config.service
      systemctl enable cloud-final.service
  • What do I do if the root partition of the system disk is not automatically extended after I resize the disk when I create an instance?

    Cloud-init automatically resizes partitions of Linux instances. Make sure that the growpart tool is installed and that the configurations in the cloud.cfg file are correct.

    1. Run the following command to check whether the growpart tool is installed on the instance operating system:

      which growpart
    2. (Conditionally required) If the growpart tool is not installed on the instance operating system, run one of the following commands based on your operating system to install the growpart tool:

      • RHEL series:

        sudo yum -y install cloud-utils-growpart
      • Debian series:

        sudo apt -y install cloud-guest-utils
    3. Run the following command to check whether the /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg file contains the content shown in the following figure:

      cat /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg

      配置内容

    4. (Conditionally required) If the /etc/cloud/cloud.cfg file does not contain the content, add the content to the file.

  • What do I do if the new hostname of an ECS instance on which cloud-init 0.7.6a16 or earlier is installed does not take effect after I change the instance hostname and restart the instance in the ECS console?

    • Problem description

      After you change the hostname of an ECS instance in the ECS console and restart the instance, the new hostname does not take effect. After you run the cloud-init --version command on the ECS instance, the command output indicates that the version of cloud-init installed on the instance is 0.7.6a16 or earlier.

    • Cause

      When cloud-init uses the update_hostname module to update the hostname, cloud-init runs the hostname command to obtain the current system hostname, reads the hostname in the cloud-init cache from the /var/lib/cloud/data/previous-hostname file, and then checks the obtained hostname against the read hostname. If the hostnames are the same, cloud-init performs the hostname update. If the hostnames are different, cloud-init determines that the hostname was manually changed and does not perform the hostname update.

      In Red Hat operating systems, line feeds are added to the content that is read from the /var/lib/cloud/data/previous-hostname file, but line feeds are not added to the hostname command output. As a result, the read content is different from the command output, and the hostname update fails.

    • Solutions

      You can use one of the following methods to resolve the issue:

      • Upgrade the cloud-init version. For more information, see the Step 2: Install cloud-init section of this topic.

        • For CentOS 6 or earlier, upgrade to cloud-init 0.7.6a17.

        • For CentOS 7, upgrade to cloud-init 19.1.21.

        • For CentOS 8 or later, upgrade to cloud-init 23.2.2 or later.

      • Add line feeds.

        Modify the cloudinit/distros/rhel.py file of cloud-init and add line feeds to the hostname command output. You can run the find / -name rhel.py command to obtain the path of the cloudinit/distros/rhel.py file. For information about how to add line feeds to the hostname command output, see distros/rhel.py: _read_hostname() missing strip on "hostname". Example on how to add line feeds to the hostname command output:

        diff --git a/cloudinit/distros/rhel.py b/cloudinit/distros/rhel.py
        index 0b68414e..65176e99 100644
        --- a/cloudinit/distros/rhel.py
        +++ b/cloudinit/distros/rhel.py
        @@ -143,6 +143,7 @@ class Distro(distros.Distro):
                     return util.load_file(filename).strip()
                 elif self.uses_systemd():
                     (out, _err) = util.subp(['hostname'])
        +            out = out.strip()
                     if len(out):
                         return out
                     else: